论民事检察和解的理性与完善

当前,司法系统正在倡导多元化纠纷解决机制,民事检察和解就是其中的一种创新形式。考察其发展历程和实际运行情况,充满着价值理性和工具理性。从民事检察和解的运作基础来看,其立足于检察权和审判权的相互制约和相互配合,效力应得到肯认。但民事检察和解尚未有立法规范,所以应该在制度和实施上对其予以完善。     

汉英熟语比较：关于劳动观念

两本语料比较,汉英熟语的相似点是鼓励勤劳和坚韧,也有莫管闲事的消极条目。主要差异：英语主流熟语认为劳动和忙碌快乐,劳动有益健康,贡献最有意义,给予比接受更有福,工作质量重于数量,工作做得不彻底就不能算好。厉贬懒惰是罪恶之源,提出不劳动者不得食,但要接济穷人。汉语关于劳动观念的熟语没有这些,喜清闲不喜忙碌,认为不劳动是福份,对懒惰有轻度消极评价,说它会致穷。汉语的劳动观念熟语注重功利,劳动兴趣较低。两种熟语的现实依据是物质和精神产品的创造活动。     

家庭经济困难与青少年社会适应的关系:应对效能的补偿、中介和调节效应

通过对广东省粤东地区613名青少年的问卷调查,重点探讨了青少年感知到的家庭经济困难与其积极和消极社会适应(学业成就、外化和内化问题行为)的关系,以及应对效能在经济困难与青少年社会适应之间是否具有补偿、中介和调节效应。结果表明:(1)家庭经济困难与学业成就呈显著负相关,与外化和内化问题行为则呈显著正相关。(2)应对效能可以在一定程度上抵消经济困难对青少年社会适应的不利影响,起到风险补偿效应。(3)应对效能在经济困难与青少年社会适应之间具有中介作用。(4)应对效能可以缓冲经济困难对青少年外化和内化问题行为的促进效应,支持压力缓冲假设。因此,应对效能在家庭经济困难与青少年社会适应之间同时具有补偿、中介和缓冲效应。     

学校学业乐观:提升学生学业成就的合力

学校学业乐观是教师群体对教与学的积极信念与态度及由此形成的良好学校氛围,由注重学业成就、教师集体效能感以及教师对家长和学生的信任这三个协同作用的成分构成。与社会经济地位、学生先前的学习成就等因素相比,学校学业乐观更能稳定而显著地预测学生的学业成就。学校学业乐观概念的提出及结构成分的确立源自积极心理学、学校组织行为学、教育心理学等多学科的理论与实证研究的支持。     

关于黎族家庭的教育期望调查

教育期望,是对未来所接受教育的类型、层次、规格、水平及质量的预料或预想。父母对子女在教育方面有各种各样的期望。文章从学业及未来职业两个方面探讨黎族家庭对子女的期望。     

信任与赋权文化在课程改革中的作用

近年来,课程改革研究者提倡在学校文化中加强赋权、信任等因素。本研究以新课程改革为背景,使用结构方程模型分析了信任与赋权文化、教师效能感与教师感受到的改革成效之间的关系。结果表明,信任与赋权文化总体上是增强教师效能感,进而改善改革成效的有效途径。然而,在发展信任与赋权的学校文化时,我们应注意赋权理念的文化适切性,鼓励教师参与那些和教学实践有关的项目的决策,而不是将所有学校事务都交由教师决定。     

The Influence of an Extensive Inquiry-Based Field Experience on Pre-Service Elementary Student Teachers’ Science Teaching Beliefs

This study examined the effects of an extensive inquiry-based field experience on pre service elementary teachers’ personal agency beliefs, a composite measure of context beliefs and capability beliefs related to teaching science. The research combined quantitative and qualitative approaches and included an experimental group that utilized the inquiry method and a control group that used traditional teaching methods. Pre- and post-test scores for the experimental and control groups were compared. The context beliefs of both groups showed no significant change as a result of the experience. However, the control group’s capability belief scores, lower than those of the experimental group to start with, declined significantly; the experimental group’s scores remained unchanged. Thus, the inquiry-based field experience led to an increase in personal agency beliefs. The qualitative data suggested a new hypothesis that there is a spiral relationship among teachers’ ability to establish communicative relationships with students, desire for personal growth and improvement, ability to implement multiple instructional strategies, and possession of substantive content knowledge. The study concludes that inquiry-based student teaching should be encouraged in the training of elementary school science teachers. However, the meaning and practice of the inquiry method should be clearly delineated to ensure its correct implementation in the classroom.

A Bridge to Developing Efficacious Science Teachers of All Students: Community-Based Service-Learning Supplemented with Explicit Discussions and Activities about Diversity

This study explored the effects of community-based service-learning (CBSL), supplemented with discussions and activities about diversity, on the self-efficacy beliefs of preservice elementary teachers regarding equitable science teaching and learning for diverse student groups. The study was conducted with 81 preservice teachers enrolled in four sections of an elementary science methods course over a semester. Employing a mixed-methods research design, data were collected using pretests–posttests with the study sample and semistructured interviews with a subsample. The results support the value of preservice teachers engaging in CBSL experiences, supplemented with discussions and activities about diversity, as a way to improve their self-efficacy beliefs regarding equitable science teaching and learning of all students.     

Academic procrastination and motivation of adolescents in Turkey

This article presents a study of academic procrastination and associated motivation variables in 508 adolescents from a general secondary school in central Turkey. Girls reported higher levels of self‐efficacy for self‐regulation and predicted higher Turkish grades than boys, but there was no difference in levels of procrastination. Academic self‐efficacy was a stronger predictor of procrastination for girls than for boys, but for both groups self‐efficacy for self‐regulation was the strongest predictor of procrastination. Most participants (83%) reported spending one hour or more procrastinating per day, with writing tasks the most prone to procrastination for boys and girls. When procrastinating, Turkish adolescent boys were more likely to spend time with electronic media (watching TV, emailing, going on‐line, and, in particular, playing computer games), whereas girls were most likely to read books, magazines, and newspapers. The article concludes with implications for researchers, and also for parents and educators of adolescents.     

Context of academic achievement: lessons from Hong Kong

Vygotsky speculated that parents play an important role in the intellectual development of their children, and that this role includes the transfer of expectations related to their children's academic achievement. Consequently, different parents can produce different contexts of academic achievement for their children. The participants were 215 Primary 5 and 6 students from four primary schools in Hong Kong, and their parents. Students were administered a test of working memory and their academic achievement was indicated by their school‐assessed mathematics and language achievement scores. Parents reported their expectations of their children's academic achievement, the extent of their home and school involvement, and their educational and income levels. Correlational and sequential regression analyses showed that different schools yielded different contexts of academic achievement. The results support the hypothesis that parents, and especially parental expectations, play an important role in children's academic achievement, and that within Hong Kong different schools can be characterised by different contexts of achievement.