The Governor has a sweet tooth – Mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance

Abstract

The oral–pharyngeal cavity and the gastrointestinal tract are richly endowed with receptors that respond to taste, temperature and to a wide range of specific nutrient and non-nutritive food components. Ingestion of carbohydrate-containing drinks has been shown to enhance endurance exercise performance, and these responses have been attributed to post-absorptive effects. It is increasingly recognised, though, that the response to ingested carbohydrate begins in the mouth via specific carbohydrate receptors and continues in the gut via the release of a range of hormones that influence substrate metabolism. Cold drinks can also enhance performance, especially in conditions of thermal stress, and part of the mechanism underlying this effect may be the response to cold fluids in the mouth. There is also some, albeit not entirely consistent, evidence for effects of caffeine, quinine, menthol and acetic acid on performance or other relevant effects. This review summarises current knowledge of responses to mouth sensing of temperature, carbohydrate and other food components, with the goal of assisting athletes to implement practical strategies that make best use of its effects. It also examines the evidence that oral intake of other nutrients or characteristics associated with food/fluid intake during exercise can enhance performance via communication between the mouth/gut and the brain.     

论形象教学法在声乐教学中的运用

声乐教学是一门研究科学发声方法和演唱技巧的学科,具有一定的抽象性。因此,教师在教学中应尽可能运用形象教学法,通过形象化的教学语言设计、教具辅助设计和肢体动作设计,引导学生更加直观地感受、理解和创造声乐艺术美,产生审美愉悦,从而提高其审美鉴赏力和创造力。     

中国大学生资助政策:对H大学的个案研究

The research findings have made it clear that Chinese college student aid policy has several characteristics. Generally speaking, student financial aid is increasing up to some extent. The government financial aids focus mostly on improving equality of educational opportunity in higher education. However, aids from the government are inadequate, especially national student loans. Besides, all kinds of aids were decreasing from 2004 to 2006 and the aid programs were short of stability between various years. In order to improve equal access to higher education through student aid policy, it is necessary to enlarge the government aids and reform the aid system. __________ Translated from Jiaoshi Jiaoyu Yanjiu 教师教育研究 (Teacher Education Research), 2008, (2), 59–63     

Rethinking the learning of ＂culture＂： A Chinese inquiry

While China has certainly taken a great stride in English teaching and learning since its open policy about 30 years ago, there＇s no denying the fact that a lot of concomitant problems occur during its development. This paper explores into two of the hot issues nowadays, and presents the author＇s own experiences in two strikingly different classrooms in China and the United States, and hence some reflections on how to be rational in utilizing multi-media aids as well as research on basic theories.     

Effects of instructional aids on the acquisition of dynamic decision-making skills

This study tested the effects of two instructional aids in a complex, dynamic environment, specifically, a business simulation. Participants studied (1) a “causal map,” which depicted key variables in an interconnected network, (2) a textual outline of the same relationships, or (3) no-aid. With the relevant aid still available, the participants ran the simulation three times. Then, the aid was removed, and the participants ran another three simulations. Both when the aid was available and later when removed, the group receiving the causal map gained a greater market share than the other two groups, which failed to differ. With respect to profits, however, a cross-over interaction appeared. When the aid was available, the causal map group showed lower profits than the other two groups, but, without the aid, the causal map group showed greater profits. The results are discussed in the context of information processing theories of instructional design.     

Oral conjugated linoleic acid supplementation enhanced glycogen resynthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle

Present study examined the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on glycogen resynthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle. Twelve male participants completed a cross-over trial with CLA (3.8 g/day for 8 week) or placebo supplements by separation of 8 weeks. CLA is a mixture of trans-10 cis-12 and cis-9 trans-11 isomers (50:50). On experiment day, all participants performed 60-min cycling exercise at 75% VO₂ max, then consumed a carbohydrate meal immediately after exercise and recovered for 3 h. Biopsied muscle samples from vastus lateralis were obtained immediately (0 h) and 3 h following exercise. Simultaneously, blood and gaseous samples were collected for every 30 min during 3-h recovery. Results showed significantly increased muscle glycogen content with CLA after a single bout of exercise (P < 0.05). Muscle glucose transporter type 4 expression was significantly elevated immediately after exercise, and this elevation was continued until 3 h after exercise in CLA trial. However, P-Akt/Akt ratio was not significantly altered, while glucose tolerance was impaired with CLA. Gaseous exchange data showed no beneficial effect of CLA on fat oxidation, instead lower non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol levels were found at 0 h. Our findings conclude that CLA supplementation can enhance the glycogen resynthesis rate in exercised human skeletal muscle.     

AutoCAD在制图教学中的辅助作用

讨论了传统的制图教学与AutoCAD分离带来的一系列问题,重点阐述了AutoCAD作为一种通用绘图软件在工程制图和机械制图中所能起到的辅助教学作用;讨论了制图课教师怎样使用AutoCAD这一新教具对传统的制图课进行辅助教学,用此教学方法怎样去诱导学生的学习兴趣,使用该软件怎样帮助学生更为轻松地学习机械制图等问题;就用AutoCAD作为教具介入制图教学与普通的制图教学方法做了一些比较,对AutoCAD制作的电子版的挂图和三维模型在教学中使用能达到的预期效果进行了探讨;同时也就制图教学的教、学双方能否完全放弃手工绘图以及实际应用中可能存在的问题和需要具备的硬件环境提出一些初步思考.     

交互式AR教学对中学生认知能力的影响——以高中化学电解池知识点为例

为探究交互式AR教学对中学生认知能力的影响和师生对交互式AR辅助教具的接受度,文章以高中化学电解池知识点为例,进行了交互式AR辅助教具设计和教学设计,并开展了课堂对比实验。结果表明,交互式AR教学和Flash动画教学都对学生的记忆、理解、应用等认知能力有积极影响;交互式AR教学在应用维度的提升优于Flash动画教学、在记忆维度的提升弱于Flash教学,而在理解维度的提升两种教学比较相近;师生对交互式AR辅助教具的接受度较高。研究证明将交互式AR辅助教具与其他教具相结合,能够更好地解决教学重难点问题,提高学生的记忆、理解、应用等认知能力。     

体育电化教育必须注重教学设计

电化教育中的教学设计不仅包括媒体的设计,还包括制定教学策略、教学目标,从而提示教师如何教,学生怎样学。它体现了设计,实施及评价教学的全过程.其中,教学设计中的肯普(Kemp)模式较适合体育学科。     

我国杰出青年科技人才资助成果的评价研究

提出了我国杰出青年科技人才资助成果评价指标体系,运用无投入DEA、方差分析等方法对问卷获得的一手数据进行分析以全面评估基金的资助成果.结论表明:基金资助成果的项目直接成果、个人发展较为理想,而社会效益水平较低,三方面发展不均衡.同时,各项成果在各个学科、各个地区之间存在一定差异.