一种供应链风险综合评价方法——变权可拓物元法

将可拓理论与变权理论相结合,建立一种供应链风险水平评价方法——变权可拓物元法;并应用该方法对康缘供应链的风险水平进行实证,评价结果不仅表明该方法能克服常权综合的弊端,而且也与现实情况相符。     

“表”字意义演变过程中的隐喻

现代隐喻学,特别是莱考夫和约瀚逊认为,我们日常的思想和行动的本质是隐喻的。语义学的隐喻理论则进一步将隐喻理解为基于相似性的由始源域到目标域的映射过程。对于传统的汉语词义引申过程,从映射角度来解读,我们就会有新的认识。本文以语义学的隐喻理论为指导,从隐喻理论中的映射角度对“表”字意义引申过程做了新的展示。     

累积与扩展：艺术发展特殊样式——兼谈“不平衡理论”的非特异性

马克思的“不平衡理论”并非仅就艺术而言,而是关于“更高地悬浮于空中的思想领域”同物质生产和社会发展关系一般规律的说明。艺术以独特的个体形式建构、呈现人的内在生命的本体性特征,决定了艺术发展既不同于物质生产和自然科学发展的线性替代方式,也不同于人文学科的范式转换方式,而主要为“累积”与“扩展”方式,同时含有某种递进态势。     

整合创新局,借力上台阶——金华地区、台州地区县(市)级公共图书馆资源整合探析

图书馆资源整合在各地图书馆各具区域特色地开展着,金华地区和台州地区不但在实际行动中践行,并开展了彼此经验交流和理论提升,文章以两地的实践经验为基础进行分析总结,分别从跨业整合、同行整合、资源整合、政策整合等几个方面进行概述,并提出了在资源整合中要注意的几个问题。     

基于FPGA的PLC输入端口的扩展技术

文章在对比几种PLC端口的扩展方法的基础上,提出并实现了一种简单的基于FPGA的PLC输入端口的扩展方法,通过实际硬件与软件编程的结合实验,验证了PLC输入端口扩展的可行性.     

Capacity building for gender‐sensitive agricultural extension planning in Ethiopia

Abstract

This article concerns capacity building for gender‐sensitive agricultural extension planning in a two‐year FAO pilot project at the Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia. The aim of the paper is to review and analyse the capacity‐building process, drawing out the lessons learned, regarding both ‘best practice’ and challenges faced. The author was engaged fully in the project for its two‐years duration and this study is a reflection of that experience. The project involved training extension staff in both participatory rural appraisal and gender analysis to ensure more client‐oriented extension planning. It is concluded that the use of the experiential learning cycle in capacity building, the reliance on participatory management and implementation styles, networking and the mainstreaming of the project within the Extension Department constitute ‘best practice’. Four challenges to the project's success are reviewed. They are, the difficulty of institutionalising the process within the short time‐scale of the project, the necessity of involving policy‐makers at all stages and levels, the need to raise gender awareness amongst rural men and women and the importance of addressing women's lack of decision‐making power.     

Advisory work as assistance in problem-solving — Problem-solving models as basic concepts for advisory work

Abstract

This article summarises some basic concepts of advisory work, incorporated into novel forms of extension over the past half century at Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany. It emphasis a certain understanding of advisory work: as support through “mental help” in structuring and restructuring by informing, motivating and enabling. Through exercises given in the article one can get the idea that problem situations are determined by one's own lack of insight and difficulties in breaking through the limitations of perceptions. The concept presented here in “stages of systematic problem-solving” starts with the perception of a problem by the client. The further critical steps are described within this process from perception of a problem towards solutions and evaluation of results. Two other models that are useful in thinking about problem-solving are also presented. Advisors should value them and be able to make use of them in a flexible way.     

Validating farmers' indigenous social networks for local seed supply in central rift valley of Ethiopia

Abstract

The information on farmers' indigenous social networks in local seed systems is based on a case study undertaken in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Farmers' indigenous social networks (social relation, locally developed seed exchange methods and local institutions) are presented as leverage mechanisms for the survival of local seed systems. A farmer decision to acquire seeds is discussed as an act of making a choice between whether to obtain a new germplasm/maintain old ones (genetic diversity management) or a search for renewable physical input (seed) or to take advantage of each merit in specific situations. This clearly underscores the need to value the individual merit of a seed before putting in place any type of variety selection, seed multiplication or extension programs. Analysis of the case study leads to the conclusion that the government imposed extension program should focus on institutional transformation of farmers' indigenous social networks in order to validate the complementary role of local seed systems in the development of a national seed industry.     

Book review

Miteinander Reden: Kommunikationspsychologie für Führungskräfte (Talking with another: Communication psychology for leaders). by F. Schulz von Thun, J. Ruppel and R. Stratmann (2000), Reinbek, RoRoRo Sachbuch 60687, ISBN 3 499 60687 9, DM 16.90.     

Challenges to Institutionalizing Participatory Extension: The Case of Farmer Livestock Schools in Vietnam

Abstract

Purpose: The objective of this article is to analyze the introduction of participatory extension approaches (PEA) in the predominantly supply-driven, hierarchical Vietnamese extension system. Drawing on the case of the so-called Farmer Livestock School (FLS) concept, the authors investigate the potential and challenges of scaling up and out the FLS/PEA principles of participatory training methods, encompassing intensive and interactive training sessions, group-based sharing of experience, practical learning, and learning-by-doing processes.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The article is based on data collected and synthesized from 36 pilot communes from 2000 to 2007 and draws on the extensive insider experience of two of its authors during their work for a DANIDA-funded livestock project.

Findings: At the micro-scale and with external support, FLS has been a successful experiment of using participatory extension approaches in farmer training and extension in the livestock sector. Yet, possibilities of scaling up and institutionalizing FLS remain a challenge given the capacity and resource limitations and the resistance at various levels within the Vietnamese extension system.

Practical Implications: The starting point for successfully institutionalizing participatory extension approaches should be to assess the existing system's root problems and capacities and then gradually and systematically introduce institutional innovations rather than aiming at a complete overhaul of a system that may result in the creation of a parallel universe.

Originality/Value: The FLS project provided a unique opportunity to study the enabling and constraining factors of institutionalizing participatory extension approaches in a traditionally top-down oriented extension system beyond the immediate duration of an externally orchestrated project.