小学生双侧膝关节等速肌力特征研究

目的:通过对6 3名普通小学生双侧膝关节进行等速测试,探讨少儿人群膝关节屈伸肌的生物力学特性。方法:利用Kinitech等速测力系统对健康男、女小学生双侧膝关节屈伸肌群进行等速测试。结果:小学男、女生双侧膝关节屈伸峰力矩(PT)随测试速度的增加呈递减趋势,且膝伸肌大于膝屈肌,男、女屈伸峰力矩有显著差异(6 0°/s屈肌除外) ,且表现为同一速度下男生峰力矩大于女生(P <0 .0 5 ) ;膝关节屈伸最大功率(MP)随测试速度的增加呈递增趋势,男、女小学生之间存在显著差异(2 4 0°/s伸肌除外) ;男、女小学生膝关节屈伸肌力比(F/E)不存在性别差异,同一测试速度下左右屈伸F/E不存在显著差异(P >0 .0 5 ) ,但F/E比值接近1,明显高于成年人;小学男生左、右膝关节屈伸PT/BM和小腿长呈高度相关(r介于0 .4 5～0 .70 ) ,女生大腿围度与PT/BM具有不同程度的相关。结论:以小学生为代表的少儿人群膝关节的屈伸肌力特征与成年人总体趋势基本一致,但在屈伸肌力比(F/E)及男、女性别差异等方面与成年人存在差异。     

“表”字意义演变过程中的隐喻

现代隐喻学,特别是莱考夫和约瀚逊认为,我们日常的思想和行动的本质是隐喻的。语义学的隐喻理论则进一步将隐喻理解为基于相似性的由始源域到目标域的映射过程。对于传统的汉语词义引申过程,从映射角度来解读,我们就会有新的认识。本文以语义学的隐喻理论为指导,从隐喻理论中的映射角度对“表”字意义引申过程做了新的展示。     

累积与扩展：艺术发展特殊样式——兼谈“不平衡理论”的非特异性

马克思的“不平衡理论”并非仅就艺术而言,而是关于“更高地悬浮于空中的思想领域”同物质生产和社会发展关系一般规律的说明。艺术以独特的个体形式建构、呈现人的内在生命的本体性特征,决定了艺术发展既不同于物质生产和自然科学发展的线性替代方式,也不同于人文学科的范式转换方式,而主要为“累积”与“扩展”方式,同时含有某种递进态势。     

整合创新局,借力上台阶——金华地区、台州地区县(市)级公共图书馆资源整合探析

图书馆资源整合在各地图书馆各具区域特色地开展着,金华地区和台州地区不但在实际行动中践行,并开展了彼此经验交流和理论提升,文章以两地的实践经验为基础进行分析总结,分别从跨业整合、同行整合、资源整合、政策整合等几个方面进行概述,并提出了在资源整合中要注意的几个问题。     

Capacity building for gender‐sensitive agricultural extension planning in Ethiopia

Abstract

This article concerns capacity building for gender‐sensitive agricultural extension planning in a two‐year FAO pilot project at the Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia. The aim of the paper is to review and analyse the capacity‐building process, drawing out the lessons learned, regarding both ‘best practice’ and challenges faced. The author was engaged fully in the project for its two‐years duration and this study is a reflection of that experience. The project involved training extension staff in both participatory rural appraisal and gender analysis to ensure more client‐oriented extension planning. It is concluded that the use of the experiential learning cycle in capacity building, the reliance on participatory management and implementation styles, networking and the mainstreaming of the project within the Extension Department constitute ‘best practice’. Four challenges to the project's success are reviewed. They are, the difficulty of institutionalising the process within the short time‐scale of the project, the necessity of involving policy‐makers at all stages and levels, the need to raise gender awareness amongst rural men and women and the importance of addressing women's lack of decision‐making power.     

Advisory work as assistance in problem-solving — Problem-solving models as basic concepts for advisory work

Abstract

This article summarises some basic concepts of advisory work, incorporated into novel forms of extension over the past half century at Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany. It emphasis a certain understanding of advisory work: as support through “mental help” in structuring and restructuring by informing, motivating and enabling. Through exercises given in the article one can get the idea that problem situations are determined by one's own lack of insight and difficulties in breaking through the limitations of perceptions. The concept presented here in “stages of systematic problem-solving” starts with the perception of a problem by the client. The further critical steps are described within this process from perception of a problem towards solutions and evaluation of results. Two other models that are useful in thinking about problem-solving are also presented. Advisors should value them and be able to make use of them in a flexible way.     

Validating farmers' indigenous social networks for local seed supply in central rift valley of Ethiopia

Abstract

The information on farmers' indigenous social networks in local seed systems is based on a case study undertaken in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Farmers' indigenous social networks (social relation, locally developed seed exchange methods and local institutions) are presented as leverage mechanisms for the survival of local seed systems. A farmer decision to acquire seeds is discussed as an act of making a choice between whether to obtain a new germplasm/maintain old ones (genetic diversity management) or a search for renewable physical input (seed) or to take advantage of each merit in specific situations. This clearly underscores the need to value the individual merit of a seed before putting in place any type of variety selection, seed multiplication or extension programs. Analysis of the case study leads to the conclusion that the government imposed extension program should focus on institutional transformation of farmers' indigenous social networks in order to validate the complementary role of local seed systems in the development of a national seed industry.     

Challenges to Institutionalizing Participatory Extension: The Case of Farmer Livestock Schools in Vietnam

Abstract

Purpose: The objective of this article is to analyze the introduction of participatory extension approaches (PEA) in the predominantly supply-driven, hierarchical Vietnamese extension system. Drawing on the case of the so-called Farmer Livestock School (FLS) concept, the authors investigate the potential and challenges of scaling up and out the FLS/PEA principles of participatory training methods, encompassing intensive and interactive training sessions, group-based sharing of experience, practical learning, and learning-by-doing processes.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The article is based on data collected and synthesized from 36 pilot communes from 2000 to 2007 and draws on the extensive insider experience of two of its authors during their work for a DANIDA-funded livestock project.

Findings: At the micro-scale and with external support, FLS has been a successful experiment of using participatory extension approaches in farmer training and extension in the livestock sector. Yet, possibilities of scaling up and institutionalizing FLS remain a challenge given the capacity and resource limitations and the resistance at various levels within the Vietnamese extension system.

Practical Implications: The starting point for successfully institutionalizing participatory extension approaches should be to assess the existing system's root problems and capacities and then gradually and systematically introduce institutional innovations rather than aiming at a complete overhaul of a system that may result in the creation of a parallel universe.

Originality/Value: The FLS project provided a unique opportunity to study the enabling and constraining factors of institutionalizing participatory extension approaches in a traditionally top-down oriented extension system beyond the immediate duration of an externally orchestrated project.     

Rural Knowledge and Information Systems for Non-Agricultural Rural Needs

Abstract

As developing countries gradually rely less upon agriculture for rural income, rural economies require new solutions to access knowledge and information systems for rural development. Non-agricultural rural knowledge and information systems can play a significant role in developing and disseminating successful strategies to escape rural poverty. This paper discusses the challenges of developing rural knowledge and information systems, practical and vital in facilitating rural development in the 21st century.     

The Role of Agricultural Consultants in New Zealand in Environmental Extension

Abstract

The aim of this study was to understand the role that agricultural consultants in New Zealand were undertaking in the Research, Development and Extension (RD&E) system—and in particular in relation to environmental extension. New Zealand does not have a public extension service and hence there is a strong reliance on consultants and regional councils for environmental management information and advice. As they are independent of the formal RD&E system there is no guarantee that RD&E outcomes are reaching farmers, nor that effective environmental extension is occurring. The study used a combination of case studies, phone interviews with informed persons and a national web survey to explore the role of the consultant. The study found that agricultural consultants are playing an important role in working with farmers to improve agricultural production. There are, however, indications that gaps have developed over time between agricultural consultants and the agricultural research sector which limit the effectiveness of the RD&E system. Agricultural consultants are playing a minimal role in proactive environmental extension because insufficient market forces are driving this role. The paper suggests that a national database of agricultural consultants could improve the flow of tailored information between research and agricultural consultants and also suggests mechanisms where consultants could be better integrated into the RD&E system and provide feedback to research programs. Market failure in the area of environmental extension could be addressed by publicly funded incentive programs.