传教士与近代中国的放足运动

来华传教士积极投身于近代中国的放足运动。他们利用大众传媒抨击缠足陋习,剖析缠足之害。依靠宣传攻势动摇传统观念和舆论导向,并在全社会发起反缠足运动,倡导放足新风;教会女校率先实施放足运动,教会女生适逢其会,充当了中国近代放足运动的先行者,女校的实践具有开拓性意义;天足会是规模最大、影响最深的反缠足组织,以民间社团的形式出现,在全国形成网络,成为清末在中国倡行放足运动的主要力量,正是他们的艰苦工作最终将放足运动推向整个社会。传教士在中国的这些活动,在主观上体现了基督教义的奉献精神和人文关怀,在客观上成为近代中国历史进步和社会演进的推动力。     

职业足球联赛系统和谐发展的自组织机制与前景展望

我国职业足球联赛是一个复杂的巨系统,包括联赛管理系统、俱乐部系统等多个子系统.立足于自组织相关理论对我国职业足球联赛系统进行了系统分析,探讨了联赛系统自组织和谐发展的机制,在此基础上对联赛系统的发展前景进行了展望.     

The effect of a reduced first step width on starting block and first stance power and impulses during an athletic sprint start

This study investigated how manipulating first step width affects 3D external force production, centre of mass (CoM) motion and performance in athletic sprinting. Eight male and 2 female competitive sprinters (100m PB: 11.03 ± 0.36 s male and 11.6 ± 0.45 s female) performed 10 maximal effort block starts. External force and three-dimensional kinematics were recorded in both the block and first stance phases. Five trials were performed with the athletes performing their preferred technique (Skating) and five trials with the athletes running inside a 0.3 m lane (Narrow). By reducing step width from a mean of 0.31 ± 0.06 m (Skating) to 0.19 ± 0.03 m (Narrow), reductions were found between the two styles in medial block and medial 1st stance impulses, 1st stance anterior toe-off velocity and mediolateral motion of the CoM. No differences were found in block time, step length, stance time, average net resultant force vector, net anteroposterior impulse nor normalised external power. Step width correlated positively with medial impulse but not with braking nor net anteroposterior impulse. Despite less medially directed forces and less mediolateral motion of the CoM in the Narrow trials, no immediate improvement to performance was found by restricting step width.     

Gender differences associated with rearfoot,midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running

Females, as compared with males, have a higher proportion of injuries in the foot region. However, the reason for this gender difference regarding foot injuries remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running. Twelve healthy males and 12 females ran on a treadmill. The running speed was set to speed which changes from walking to running. Three-dimensional kinematics of rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were collected and compared between males and females. Furthermore, spatiotemporal parameters (speed, cadence, and step length) were measured. In the rearfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of plantarflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (effect size (ES)?=?1.55 and ES?=?1.12, respectively). In the midfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of dorsiflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (ES?=?1.49 and ES?=?1.71, respectively). The forefoot peak angles and ranges of motion were not significantly different between the genders in all three planes. A previous study suggested that a gender-related difference in excessive motions of the lower extremities during running has been suggested as a contributing factor to running injuries. Therefore, the present investigation may provide insight into the reason for the high incidence of foot injuries in females.     

Running quietly reduces ground reaction force and vertical loading rate and alters foot strike technique

This study aimed to determine if a quantifiable relationship exists between the peak sound amplitude and peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and vertical loading rate during running. It also investigated whether differences in peak sound amplitude, contact time, lower limb kinematics, kinetics and foot strike technique existed when participants were verbally instructed to run quietly compared to their normal running. A total of 26 males completed running trials for two sound conditions: normal running and quiet running. Simple linear regressions revealed no significant relationships between impact sound and peak vGRF in the normal and quiet conditions and vertical loading rate in the normal condition. t-Tests revealed significant within-subject decreases in peak sound, peak vGRF and vertical loading rate during the quiet compared to the normal running condition. During the normal running condition, 15.4% of participants utilised a non-rearfoot strike technique compared to 76.9% in the quiet condition, which was corroborated by an increased ankle plantarflexion angle at initial contact. This study demonstrated that quieter impact sound is not directly associated with a lower peak vGRF or vertical loading rate. However, given the instructions to run quietly, participants effectively reduced peak impact sound, peak vGRF and vertical loading rate.     

Can subjective comfort be used as a measure of plantar pressure in football boots?

Comfort has been shown to be the most desired football boot feature by players. Previous studies have shown discomfort to be related to increased plantar pressures for running shoes which, in some foot regions, has been suggested to be a causative factor in overuse injuries. This study examined the correlation between subjective comfort data and objective plantar pressure for football boots during football-specific drills. Eight male university football players were tested. Plantar pressure data were collected during four football-specific movements for each of three different football boots. The global and local peak pressures based on a nine-sectioned foot map were compared to subjective comfort measures recorded using a visual analogue scale for global discomfort and a discomfort foot map for local discomfort. A weak (r_s = ?0.126) yet significant (P < 0.05) correlation was shown between the peak plantar pressure experienced and the visual analogue scale rated comfort. The model only significantly predicted (P > 0.001) the outcome for two (medial and lateral forefoot) of the nine foot regions. Subjective comfort data is therefore not a reliable measure of increased plantar pressures for any foot region. The use of plantar pressure measures is therefore needed to optimise injury prevention when designing studded footwear.     

足底反射区按摩消除运动性疲劳的研究综述

采用文献资料法,对足底反射区按摩消除运动性疲劳的研究进行综述,结果表明：足底反射区按摩不但对运动员的常见疾病有很好的治疗和预防作用,而且对消除运动疲劳有明显的效果。     

中外职业足球俱乐部后备人才培养比较研究

运用文献资料、专家访谈等方法,对中外职业足球俱乐部后备人才培养进行比较.结果显示,中外足球俱乐部后备人才培养上存在较大差距,国外俱乐部具有多种后备人才选拔方式、较科学的训练机制、较多样的竞赛类型和较多的比赛场次、切实加强年轻球员的文化教育、多层次的运动员出路,而我国职业运动员选拔面小、训练不够科学、竞赛种类少、比赛场次少、对球员的文化教育重视程度不够、可供其选择的出路少,这些问题制约了我国职业足球俱乐部后备人才培养的质量.     

武术套路跳跃动作旋风脚涉及的工作肌群与训练方法分析

文章采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,针对武术套路跳跃动作＂旋风脚＂的技术特点,从解剖学的角度分析该动作技术各个阶段所涉及参与工作的肌肉群,并提出相应的训练方法以提高＂旋风脚＂的高质量的完成。为广大武术爱好者提供训练参考。     

我国女子短跑运动员足长指数与速度变化规律的研究

通过对57 名我国女子短跑运动员的下肢结构类型与速度变化规律的研究,揭示了足长/(下肢长- 小腿长)指数与短跑速度及步幅、步频的关系,建立了适合我国女子不同足长类型短跑运动员速度发展的检测“模型”