不同角速度下男子跳远运动员髋关节肌群等速向心收缩的肌力研究

利用Cybex-770等速肌力测试与康复系统,以150°/s、90°/s、60°/s 3种角速度对17名优秀跳远运动员起跳腿髋关节进行等速向心收缩测试.获得了相应的等速向心收缩的相对峰力矩、相对总功、相对平均功率和峰力矩屈伸比的指标,并结合项目特点,力争为跳远训练提供更科学的服务.     

我国竞技体操20年科技发展特征及制胜因素分析

通过对我国竞技体操20年科技发展的特征及制胜规律,旨在为我国竞技体操发展提供理论帮助.结果发现我国竞技体操20年科技发展的特征主要有:(1)体操动作的巨大变革;(2)科研与技术的提高相结合;(3)新理论新方法的运用;(4)科学检测与选材经验的有机结合.制胜因素有注重运动员个人能力的培养以及战术的运用;科研水平的不断提高;科技带动了竞技体操训练科学化水平提高等.     

负重振动练习与超等长练习对篮球运动员下肢力量影响的对比研究

为了完善和探索新的、科学的力量训练方法,利用Kislter测力台,运用对比试验的方法,结合运动生理和生物力学知识,将一种新的负重振动力量训练法与超等长跳深练习法进行试验研究。通过对采用两种训练方法训练的篮球运动员的自由纵跳(CMJ)、下肢快速力量指数和完成杠铃蹲起规定动作出现疲劳时间的测试分析,发现负重振动练习对发展运动员的下肢最大力量、快速力量和力量耐力较超等长跳深练习有着更为明显的效果(P<0.01)。     

羽毛球正手发球运用"发力法"教学的实验研究

通过对羽毛球正手发球运用“发力法”教学进行实验研究,结果表明,“发力法”教学与常规教学相比,能有效提高发球质量,达到增强学习兴趣及提高课堂教学效果的目的。     

主动肌肉收缩对缓解运动疲劳的实验分析

目的:研究主动肌肉收缩对缓解运动疲劳的作用,对人体的适当运动对缓解肌肉疲劳有一定的调节指导意义。传统的分析方法基于蛋白质的分析方法,通过对于人体中蛋白质的详细分析和测试,推理出人体主动肌肉收缩对缓解疲劳的机理分析,但只是结果定性分析,没有详细描述机体的肌肉收缩详细过程。方法:提出一种基于主动肌肉收缩特性的方法,通过实验测试了三种不同运动状态所造成的疲劳程度,等长训练,等张训练,等动训练下的训练特性与相应的主动肌肉收缩特性,并且调查分析了不同年龄段的人群对于主动肌肉收缩下的运动疲劳缓解调节能力。结果:实验结果表明,主动肌肉收缩能够在一定程度上降低运动的疲劳感,并且随着年龄的增长,疲劳缓解调节达到预期效果的比例在逐渐降低,同时主动肌肉收缩的机理特性也在降低。结论:主动肌肉收缩对缓解运动疲劳具有很好的指导意义。     

The influence of the hand’s acceleration and the relative contribution of drag and lift forces in front crawl swimming

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the hand’s acceleration on the propulsive forces and the relative contribution of the drag and lift on their resultant force in the separate phases of the front crawl underwater arm stroke. Ten female swimmers swam one trial of all-out 25-m front crawl. The underwater motion of each swimmer’s right hand was recorded using four camcorders and four periscope systems. Anatomical landmarks were digitised, and the propulsive forces generated by the swimmer’s hand were estimated from the kinematic data in conjunction with hydrodynamic coefficients. When the hand’s acceleration was taken into account, the magnitude of the propulsive forces was greater, with the exception of the mean drag force during the final part of the underwater arm stroke. The mean drag force was greater than the mean lift force in the middle part, while the mean lift force was greater than the mean drag force in the final part of the underwater arm stroke. Thus, swimmers should accelerate their hands from the beginning of their backward motion, press the water with large pitch angles during the middle part and sweep with small pitch angles during the final part of their underwater arm stroke.     

Effects of changing speed on knee and ankle joint load during walking and running

Joint moments can be used as an indicator of joint loading and have potential application for sports performance and injury prevention. The effects of changing walking and running speeds on joint moments for the different planes of motion still are debatable. Here, we compared knee and ankle moments during walking and running at different speeds. Data were collected from 11 recreational male runners to determine knee and ankle joint moments during different conditions. Conditions include walking at a comfortable speed (self-selected pacing), fast walking (fastest speed possible), slow running (speed corresponding to 30% slower than running) and running (at 4 m · s^?1 ± 10%). A different joint moment pattern was observed between walking and running. We observed a general increase in joint load for sagittal and frontal planes as speed increased, while the effects of speed were not clear in the transverse plane moments. Although differences tend to be more pronounced when gait changed from walking to running, the peak moments, in general, increased when speed increased from comfortable walking to fast walking and from slow running to running mainly in the sagittal and frontal planes. Knee flexion moment was higher in walking than in running due to larger knee extension. Results suggest caution when recommending walking over running in an attempt to reduce knee joint loading. The different effects of speed increments during walking and running should be considered with regard to the prevention of injuries and for rehabilitation purposes.     

基于SMA模式的VP+hand习语构式的语义认知机制研究

英语习语中存在大量VP+hand结构的表达,这些习语中的动词除所属身体部位意义,表示所属,获得之外,它们的整体意义还扩展到给予,位移,信息传递,致使等方面。那么,这些扩展义是如何形成的,VP与hand的非所属性如何解释？该文在认知语言学及构式语法的理论框架下,将vp+hand习语视为一种独立的构式,以图式范畴理论,自主依存理论和构式压制中的M-压制为理论基础,加以修补和整合形成新的SMA模型,以此来解释此构式的生成机制。研究表明,vp+hand习语表达式中的动词以归属类和获得类动词组成了构式的原型图示,其他六大类为语义扩展图示,语义扩展的途径体现为M-压制。修补整合后的SMA模式对vp+hand习语构式的语义认知机制有很强的解释力。     

“无形之手”与科学的社会运行——析霍尔对科学的自然主义解释

霍尔试图通过一种类似于亚当·斯密“无形之手”的解释,来重新阐明自然科学在社会中的运行机制以及科学取得成功的原因。在霍尔看来,传统科学哲学对科学合理性的解释是不成功的,因为其最主要的解释方法——“直接说明”忽略了科学作为社会建制的时间性和社会性特征。更重要的是,它没有注意到科学家的个人活动与作为一个整体的科学是两个不同层面的问题,它们二者是“相互独立的”,因此符合“独立性要求”。这一相互独立的特征决定了自然主义科学哲学对科学的解释必须是一种“无形之手”的模式,换言之,“无形之手”模式是自然主义超越传统科学哲学说明的重要一环。     

网球肘的成因及诊疗进展

"网球肘",即肱骨外上髁炎,是一种以肘关节外侧疼痛为特征的肱骨外上髁部前臂伸肌总腱附着处的慢性损伤性肌筋膜炎,因网球运动员最易患此病而得名。"网球肘"的主要外在表现是肘部隐隐的酸痛感以及持拍击球时产生的强烈疼痛感。网球肘妨碍了运动员的日常生活、训练、比赛,严重者甚至影响运动员的职业生涯。本文从病理特征、致病原因、致病机理、诊疗标准、诊疗措施、预防等方面对"网球肘"这一职业病进行深入分析,以期对该病的治疗、网球运动员的正确训练起到指导作用。