论"髋"在短跑、跳跃中的作用与训练

通过对髋部的生理位置、结构的研究,结合中外优秀男子短跑、跳远运动员在途中跑、起跳阶段的数据分析,指出了良好的送髋技术对跑的步长、步频的影响,及对跳远着板、蹬伸的积极作用,并介绍了髋部的一些训练方法。     

论散打的技击原理

采用文献资料法、专家调查法、访谈法,结合实践对散打技击原理进行研究,旨在使散打运动员在学习技术的同时,进行客观、理智的分析,真正理解各种技法的基本原理,并在训练及实践中不断发展完善自身的技法及理论体系。     

The dimensional accuracy of preparation of femoral cavity in cementless total hip arthroplasty

Objective: To observe the accuracy of femoral preparation and the position of the cementless prosthesis in femoral cavity, and to compare the results between the computer-assisted surgical group (CASPAR) and the conventional group. Methods: Ten femoral components were implanted either manually or by CASPAR in cadaver femurs. The specimens were cut to 3 mm thick slices. Microradiograms of every slice were sent to a computer for analysis with special software (IDL). The gaps and the medullary cavities between component and bone, the direct bone contact area of the implant surface, the gap width and the percentage of gap and bone contact area were measured in every slice. Results: In the proximal implant coated with HA of the CASPAR group, the average percentage of bone contact reached 93.2% (ranging from 87.6% to 99.7%); the average gap percentage was 2.9% (ranging from 0.3% to 7.8%); the maximum gap width was 0.81 mm and the average gap width was only 0.20 mm. While in the conventional group, the average     

我国男子400m运动员专项运动素质探析

绝对速度、速度耐力和专项力量3个因素与400m跑运动水平直接相关,是影响400m竞技能力的主要素质。通过对国内外优秀男子400m运动员之间的比较,发现我国男子400m运动员在速度方面的绝对速度并不比国外运动员差,主要差距在速度耐力;在力量素质方面,主要是髋关节的力量差。     

Lower limb muscle activity during table tennis strokes

This study aimed to compare the muscle activity of lower limbs across typical table tennis strokes. Fourteen high-level players participated in this study in which five typical strokes (backhand top, forehand top, forehand spin, forehand smash, flick) were analysed. Surface electromyography activity (EMG) of eight muscles was recorded (gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus) and normalised to the maximal activity measured during squat jump or isometric maximal voluntary contractions. The forehand spin, the forehand top and the forehand smash exhibited significant higher EMG amplitude when compared with other strokes. Both biceps femoris and gluteus maximus were strongly activated during the smash, forehand spin and forehand top (from 62.8 to 91.7% of maximal EMG activity). Both vastii and rectus femoris were moderately to strongly activated during the forehand spin (from 50.4 to 62.2% of maximal EMG activity) whereas gastrocnemii and soleus exhibited the highest level of activity during the smash (from 67.1 to 92.1% of maximal EMG activity). Our study demonstrates that offensive strokes, such as smash or forehand top, exhibit higher levels of activity than other strokes.     

A biomechanical comparison in the lower limb and lumbar spine between a hit and drag flick in field hockey

Research has revealed that field hockey drag flickers have greater odds of hip and lumbar injuries compared to non-drag flickers (DF). This study aimed to compare the biomechanics of a field hockey hit and a specialised field hockey drag flick. Eighteen male and seven female specialised hockey DF performed a hit and a drag flick in a motion analysis laboratory with an 18-camera three-dimensional motion analysis system and a calibrated multichannel force platform to examine differences in lower limb and lumbar kinematics and kinetics. Results revealed that drag flicks were performed with more of a forward lunge on the left lower limb resulting in significantly greater left ankle dorsiflexion, knee, hip and lumbar flexion (Ps<0.001) compared to a hit. Drag flicks were also performed with significantly greater lateral flexion (P < 0.002) and rotation of the lumbar spine (P < 0.006) compared to a hit. Differences in kinematics lead to greater shear, compression and tensile forces in multiple left lower limb and lumbar joints in the drag flick compared to the hit (P < 0.05). The biomechanical differences in drag flicks compared to a hit may have ramifications with respect to injury in field hockey drag flickers.     

相同强度的臀推和前蹲练习对 下肢速度和爆发力的即刻影响

目的：探讨相同负荷强度的臀推和前蹲练习对20 m冲刺速度、纵跳摸高、立定跳远的影响。方法：对招募的25名北京体育大学田径专项男性大学生进行负重半蹲1RM测试,符合1RM/体重＞2标准的作为最终的受试者。以臀推和前蹲的1RM测试成绩的90%为练习负荷强度,分别测定90%1RM臀推和前蹲练习前后20 m冲刺、纵跳摸高、立定跳远成绩。结果：①90%1RM臀推练习后20 m冲刺成绩,以及0—10 m、0—20 m的分段速度显著高于练习前（P＜005）;②90%1RM前蹲练习后纵跳摸高成绩显著高于90%1RM臀推练习后的成绩（P＜005）;③90%1RM臀推练习与90%1RM前蹲练习对立定跳远成绩的影响没有显著性差异（P＞005）。结论：90%1RM臀推练习能够显著提高速度、爆发力成绩;90%1RM前蹲练习对纵跳摸高的影响更为显著;两种练习对立定跳远的影响无明显差异。     

2014年中国城乡居民超重肥胖流行现状--基于22省（市、区）国家国民体质监测点的形态数据

目的：分析评价城乡居民体重超重及肥胖现状,探讨超重肥胖流行在性别、年龄、城乡分类上的特征。方法：取2014年国家国民体质监测22个省（区、市）国家监测点20－69岁城乡居民共计107330人的年龄、性别、城乡种类、身高、体重、BMI、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、腰围身高比进行统计和分析。结果：（1）样本总体 BMI为23．83±3．33kg／ m2,男性为24．40±3．26kg／ m2,女性为23．24±3．30kg／ m2;超重率为34．26％,男性和女性分别为39．91％、28．42％,城镇和乡村分别为34．03％、34．70％;肥胖率为10.98％,男性和女性分别为13．29％、8．59％,城镇和乡村分别为10.19％、12．47％。（2）腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比的均值,男性为85．88cm、0.904、0.507,女性为78．81cm、0.845、0.498;腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比超标总率为49．67％、50.21％、50.34％,其中男性超标率为55．31％、54．19％和54．70％,女性为43．86％、46．11％和45．84％。（3）超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖的检出率随年龄增长而增加（全部 P ＜0.01）,并且男性比女性高（全部 P ＜0.01）。（4）城镇男性体重、BMI、腰围均值高于乡村男性（P ＜0.01）,乡村男性腰臀比、腰围身高比均值高于城镇男性（P ＜0.01）,乡村女性体重、BMI、腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比均值高于城镇女性（P＜0.01）。结论：（1）20－69岁样本人群超重和肥胖合计达到45．24％,中心性肥胖人数过半,揭示城乡居民身体形态处于超重、肥胖和中心型肥胖的高发期。（2）超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖的检出率随年龄增长而增加,男性高于女性。其中,城镇男性高于乡村男性,乡村女性高于城镇女性。     

青少年羽毛球运动员的下肢关节力量研究——非优势侧

摘要：选取上海市体育运动学校男子羽毛球运动队的14名基本资料和运动成绩相近的运动员为实验对象,对照组与实验组各7名,对照组按照常规的技术训练和下肢整体力量训练,实验组对下肢关节肌肉有针对性的力量训练（非优势侧的力量训练）。通过biodex仪器对下肢膝、踝主要关节周围的肌肉力量进行监测分析羽毛球运动员各关节屈伸肌群峰力矩的均值。结论：1）有针对性的训练可改变两侧下肢的差异水平,训练可以减小两侧下肢差距,使两侧下肢肌肉工作能力更加接近。2）青少年羽毛球运动员在两种角速度下优势侧和非优势侧的伸肌峰力矩都比屈肌峰力矩大,但都随角速度的增快而逐渐下降,说明青少年运动员的力量耐力很小,经过非优势侧力量训练能提高青少年羽毛球运动员的力量耐力。3）运动员经过训练后优势与非优势侧关节的屈伸肌群肌力矩的平衡有很大的改善。4）训练前后两侧膝关节等速收缩屈伸肌群峰力矩差异对比分析:对非优势侧的力量加强可减缓下肢肌肉持续的受力过程。5）通过与实验数据发现,青少年羽毛球运动员的爆发力很难通过短期的训练得到显著的效果,但运动员的最大力量和灵敏性训练在青少年时期是可以提高的,但训练中的负荷和频率要控制。     

全髋置换术后负重时间及方法的研究进展

全髋置换术后的负重锻炼对患者功能恢复至关重要,但国内外文献对术后负重锻炼时间及具体方法的报道上存在较大的差异。通过对国内外文献的比较,寻找合适的负重锻炼时间及方法以提高全髋置换术的功能恢复效果。