运动员竞技子能力非同步性发展的致因解析

对导致运动员竞技子能力非同步性发展的原因进行了分析后认为:运动员竞技子能力的非同步性发展,是遗传效应、训练效应、比赛效应和生活效应综合影响的结果;从因果关系上看,遗传效应是内因,训练效应、比赛效应和生活效应是外因。同时对影响运动员竞技子能力非同步性发展的因素进行了重要程度的排序。     

审视我国体育院校术科精品课程建设的现状与对策

以中国14所专业体育院校精品课程建设为研究对象,运用文献法、比较法、观察调查法等方法,对体育院校术科精品课程的建设进行研究和探讨。在分析中国体育院校术科精品课程建设现状及存在问题的基础上,并相应提出了体育院校术科精品课程建设的对策,旨在为体育院校术科精品建设提供理论参考。     

对柔道运动员全运会预赛前两次高原训练生理机能及运动能力变化的观察分析

文章主要就山西省参加十一运会柔道队的重点运动员预赛前两次高原训练,以生理机能测试,身体本体感觉的问卷及运动能力的变化为依据,进行探讨柔道运动员高原训练机能变化的规律。     

冬季户外有氧运动训练对大学生焦虑情绪的影响

分析冬季户外有氧运动对高校学生焦虑状态的影响,寻找降低大学生焦虑状态的有效手段。采用美国心理学家斯皮尔伯格的《状态一特质焦虑量表》,对哈尔滨商业大学学生进行两次测评。结果显示,通过冬季户外有氧运动训练,实验组学生的焦虑情况轻于对照组的学生;冬季户外有氧运动对女大学生焦虑情绪的影响更加显著。建议大学生经常参加各种有氧运动,尤其是冬季户外有氧运动,以缓解或消除焦虑情绪,改善并提高其心理素质,促进大学生心理健康发展。     

新课程标准下哈尔滨体育学院体育教育专业人才培养模式研究

2011版新修订《体育与健康课程标准》（简称新课标）对体育教师提出了更高的要求和挑战。作为体育教师的主要培养单位,体育院校更应与时俱进,建立与新课标相适应的人才培养模式。本文立足于新课标的要求,从课程体系、人才培养目标、教学内容与方法、考评体系等方面对哈尔滨体育学院体育教育专业人才培养模式进行研究。研究认为,新课标下,应改革体育教育专业的课程体系,提高体育教育专业的培养规格;加强教法研究,提高教学质量;从片面的生物学评价向完整的体育评价转变。以期为体育教育专业的办学实践提供理论参考。     

冬季奥运会项目陆地与冰（雪）上有效衔接训练的现状与对策研究

冬季运动的陆地与冰上、雪上训练的衔接训练是冬奥会项目训练的重要环节,在理论与实践层面具有重要指导意义与研究价值。本文以我国冬奥会优势项目花样滑冰、速度滑冰、单板滑雪等项目为研究对象,探寻冬季运动陆地与冰上、雪上衔接训练的有效性问题。总结了陆地与冰上、雪上训练发展概况,分析了现实领域存在的主要问题,在结合国际冬季奥林匹克运动的陆地与冰雪训练的前沿动态变化的基础上,针对我国冬季项目的陆地与冰上、雪上衔接训练一直存在的效果差、缺乏有效训练的科学指导等实践问题,以提高运动员竞技能力为目的,提出我国冬奥会陆地与冰雪训练科学衔接的关键技术和手段,建立衔接训练的评价办法,以此建立起我国冬奥会优势项目陆冰雪衔接训练的科学基础。     

Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport

Abstract

Researchers have postulated that hope may be an important factor associated with burnout. Consistent with hope theory contentions, low-hope individuals may be susceptible to burnout because they are prone to experience goal blockage, frustration, and negative affect, all of which likely increase the risk of burnout. We examined the relationship between hope and athlete burnout among 178 competitive athletes (63 females and 115 males) aged 15–20 years. Hope was significantly and negatively correlated with all three burnout subscales: emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Moreover, results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that low-hope athletes scored significantly higher than medium- and high-hope athletes on all three burnout dimensions. Finally, results revealed that agency thinking was a significant predictor of all burnout dimensions. Frustration over unmet goals and a perceived lack of agency, a characteristic of low-hope athletes, might pose a risk factor in athlete burnout, whereas being able to maintain hope appears to be associated with health and well-being.     

Test–retest reliability of a battery of field-based health-related fitness measures for adolescents

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability of existing tests of health-related fitness. Participants (mean age 14.8 years, s = 0.4) were 42 boys and 26 girls who completed the study assessments on two occasions separated by one week. The following tests were conducted: bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to calculate percent body fat, leg dynamometer, 90° push-up, 7-stage sit-up, and wall squat tests. Intra-class correlation (ICC), paired samples t-tests, and typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation were calculated. The mean percent body fat intra-class correlation coefficient was similar for boys (ICC = 0.95) and girls (ICC = 0.93), but the mean coefficient of variation was considerably higher for boys than girls (22.2% vs. 12.2%). The boys' coefficients of variation for the tests of muscular fitness ranged from 9.0% for the leg dynamometer test to 26.5% for the timed wall squat test. The girls' coefficients of variation ranged from 17.1% for the sit-up test to 21.4% for the push-up test. Although the BIA machine produced reliable estimates of percent body fat, the tests of muscular fitness resulted in high systematic error, suggesting that these measures may require an extensive familiarization phase before the results can be considered reliable.     

Alterations in Strength and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Consequent to Nautilus Circuit Weight Training

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Nautilus circuit weight training program on muscular strength and maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ max) by comparing these effects to those produced by adhering to either a free weight (FW) strength training program or a running (R) program. Male college students who voluntarily enrolled in either a FW training class (n = 11), a Nautilus (N) circuit weight training class (n= 12), or a R conditioning class (n= 13) were subjects for this investigation. All groups participated in their respective programs 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Strength was assessed using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer set at an angular velocity of 60° · s ^?1 and a damping of 2. The FW group served as the control group for the assessment of [Vdot]O ₂ max changes, while the R group served as controls for the assessment of strength differences. ANCOVA revealed that the N and R groups experienced significant (p < .01) increases in [Vdot]O ₂ max expressed in L · min ^?1 (10.9 and 11.4%), ml · kg ^?1 · min ^?1 (10.8 and 11.7%), and ml · kgLBW ^?1 · min ^?1 (7.1 and 7.5%) when compared to the FW group. There were no significant differences between the N and R groups. There were no significant differences among groups in final peak torque values (after covariance), and torque at the beginning and end of the range of motion for the knee extensors, knee flexors, elbow extensors, and elbow flexors. In general, isokinetic strength values elicited by the N group compared favorably to those generated by the FW group. It was concluded that for a training period of short duration, Nautilus circuit weight training appears to be an equally effective alternative to standard free weight (strength) and aerobic (endurance) training programs for untrained individuals.     

How Much Sport is there in Sport Physiology? Practice and Ideas in the Stockholm School of Physiology at GCI, 1941–1969

The physiology research at the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (Swedish acronym: GCI) in Stockholm was never primarily focused on sports, but has made significant contributions to sport and exercise physiology. Changing ideas about the human body (from form to motor) during the early twentieth century led to criticism towards the posture-oriented Ling gymnastics. The rationalisation movement of the 1930s and onwards also paved the way for a rationalistic physiology research. GCI recruited Eric Hohwü Christensen (1904–1996) from Copenhagen for the new position as professor in physiology in 1941. Christensen built his research programme on the ideas of the Copenhagen School, focusing on basic research, bodily limits and rationalisation of exercise. The majority of research at GCI focused on basic physiology, and the main goal was to rationalise the exercise of the entire population, which was in line with the ambitions of the emerging Swedish welfare state. But applications in elite sports became a claim to fame for GCI through names such as Per-Olof Åstrand and Bengt Saltin. This article aims at showing how the research programme was outlined during Christensen's professorship, 1941–1969. How does a scientific environment focused on basic, physiological research become famous for its impact in sports?