我国青少年网球运动员盂肱关节旋转等速肌力研究

应用Cybex-6000等速仪器分别对136名青少年网球运动员盂肱关节内、外旋转肌力进行等速向心肌力测试与评价,分析网球运动员优势臂盂肱关节等速向心肌力特征,比较双侧盂肱关节等速向心肌力差异,探索双侧盂肱关节外旋肌力/内旋肌力比值特征,从而完善网球运动员肩部运动生物力学及有关参数,以期能为探讨网球运动员肩关节损伤的生物力学因素、机制,进而为预防网球运动员肩关节损伤以及指导网球运动员肩关节伤后进行科学的康复训练提供理论依据.     

Comparison of lower limb kinetics during vertical jumps in turnout and neutral foot positions by classical ballet dancers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hip external rotation (turnout) on lower limb kinetics during vertical jumps by classical ballet dancers. Vertical jumps in a turnout (TJ) and a neutral hip position (NJ) performed by 12 classical female ballet dancers were analysed through motion capture, recording of the ground reaction forces, and inverse dynamics analysis. At push-off, the lower trunk leaned forward 18.2° and 20.1° in the TJ and NJ, respectively. The dancers jumped lower in the TJ than in the NJ. The knee extensor and hip abductor torques were smaller, whereas the hip external rotator torque was larger in the TJ than in the NJ. The work done by the hip joint moments in the sagittal plane was 0.28 J/(Body mass*Height) and 0.33 J/(Body mass*Height) in the TJ and NJ, respectively. The joint work done by the lower limbs were not different between the two jumps. These differences resulted from different planes in which the lower limb flexion–extension occurred, i.e. in the sagittal or frontal plane. This would prevent the forward lean of the trunk by decreasing the hip joint work in the sagittal plane and reduce the knee extensor torque in the jump.     

Differences in take-off leg kinetics between horizontal and vertical single-leg rebound jumps

This study aimed to clarify the differences between the horizontal single-leg rebound jump (HJ) and vertical single-leg rebound jump (VJ) in terms of three-dimensional joint kinetics for the take-off leg, while focusing on frontal and transverse plane movements. Eleven male track and field athletes performed HJ and VJ. Kinematic and kinetic data were calculated using data recorded with a motion capture system and force platforms. The hip abduction torque, trunk lateral flexion torque (flexion for the swing-leg side), hip external and internal torque, trunk rotational torque, and the powers associated with these torques were larger when performing HJ because of resistance to the impact ground reaction force and because of pelvic and posture control. Pelvic rotation was noted in HJ, and this was controlled not only by the hip and trunk joint torque from the transverse plane but also by the hip abduction torque. Therefore, hip and trunk joint kinetics in the frontal and transverse plane play an important role in a single-leg jump, regardless of the jumping direction, and may also play a more important role in HJ than in VJ.     

优秀男子举重运动员专项成绩与下肢等速肌力相关回归分析

采用德国IsoMed 2000等速肌力测试仪,对17名健将（健将组）和18名一级（一级组）男子举重运动员进行双侧髋、膝和踝关节60°/s、120°/s、180°/s和240°/s向心、离心（每种角速度5次）测试。探讨优秀男子举重运动员下肢关节不同角速度等速肌力的特征,比较健将与一级组间差异,对健将组下肢关节相对峰力矩与相对专项成绩进行Pearson相关分析,并建立抓、挺举与峰力矩多元线性回归方程。结果显示,优秀男子举重运动员的髋关节相对伸爆发力与相对抓举呈高度显著正相关,髋关节中速（120°/s）、膝踝关节相对伸爆发力与相对抓举呈中度显著正相关,而踝关节相对屈绝对力呈中度显著负相关;髋关节相对伸爆发力与相对挺举呈高度显著正相关,左膝（挺举弓步腿）相对中速（120°/s）、爆发力和踝关节相对爆发力与相对挺举呈中度显著正相关。     

等速肌力测试与训练技术的研究进展

等速肌力测试与训练技术是目前国际上最先进的用于肌肉功能评定和肌肉力量训练的实用技术,因此等速测试系统在运动训练、体育科研和康复医学领域中发挥着重要的作用。阐明等速技术的概念和特点,通过文献资料法总结分析国内外有关等速肌力测试与训练技术的应用和研究进展,为以后的研究提供理论依据。     

不同起始力矩设计重力式力量训练器械性能比较

采用实验法和图解法对不同设计的重力式力量训练器械的阻力矩和肌力矩进行比较,结果显示,小起始力矩设计的器械其阻力矩更适应人体肌力矩,其性能优于大起始力矩设计的器械.     

Functional shoulder ratios with high velocities of shoulder internal rotation are most sensitive to determine shoulder rotation torque imbalance: a cross-sectional study with elite handball players and controls

The aim of the present study was to determine which approach to calculating shoulder ratios is the most sensitive for determining shoulder torque imbalance in handball players. Twenty-six participants (handball athletes, n = 13; healthy controls, n = 13) performed isokinetic concentric and eccentric shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) assessment at 60, 180 and 300°/s. We used eight approaches to calculating shoulder ratios: four concentric (i.e. concentric ER torque divided by concentric IR torque), and four functional (i.e. eccentric ER torque divided by concentric IR torque) at the velocities of 60, 180 and 300°/s for both IR and ER, and combining 60°/s of ER and 300°/s of IR. A three factorial ANOVA (factors: shoulder ratios, upper limb sides, and groups) along with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis, and effect sizes were calculated. The findings suggested the functional shoulder ratio combining 60°/s of ER and 300°/s of IR is the most sensitive to detect differences between upper limbs for handball players, and between players and controls for the dominant side. The functional shoulder ratio combining 60°/s of ER with 300°/s of IR seems to present advantages over the other approaches for identifying upper limb asymmetries and differences in shoulder torque balance related to throwing.     

跳远运动员髋关节振动力量训练效果的研究

对10 名跳远专项二级运动员进行振动力量训练。研究表明：在刺激频率为30~35Hz,加速度25~30 m/s2 条件下,经过8 周系统的振动力量 训练,试验组髋关节的屈伸肌群与对照组屈肌肌群最大功增长都非常明显,表现出髋关节屈肌最大功比试验前有显著性地提高,试验组髋关节 屈伸肌最大功增长幅度比对照组屈伸肌最大功幅度大。试验组髋关节伸肌对照组屈伸肌峰力矩前4 周比后4 周增长幅度大,后4 周增长幅度有 所减缓,试验组后4 周髋关节屈伸肌峰力矩增长幅度比对照组高。髋关节伸肌相对峰力矩力量增长幅度比屈肌要大。     

青少年男子篮球运动员膝关节等速肌力特征研究

通过对36名二级青少年男子篮球运动员双侧膝关节进行等速测试,探析青少年篮球运动员膝关节向心屈伸肌群的生物力学特性,为运动训练、科学选材及临床康复等提供理论依据.方法:利用 Kinitech等速康复肌力测试系统,对青少年男子篮球运动员膝关节屈伸肌群进行等速测试.结果表明:青少年男子篮球运动员双侧膝关节屈伸峰力矩随测试速度的增加呈递减趋势,且膝伸肌大于膝屈肌(P<0.05),峰力矩屈伸比(F/E)随给定测试速度的增加呈递增趋势;最大功率随测试速度的增大而增加,同一测试速度下屈、伸肌群最大功率无明显差异,左、右侧相比也无显著性差异(60°/s伸肌除外);屈伸肌群达峰力矩的角度(APT)表现为伸肌角度明显低于屈肌角度,随速度增加左右两侧膝关节达峰力矩的角度无显著差异;双侧膝关节屈伸肌群达峰力矩的时间(TPT)随测试速度的增加而减小,同一测试速度下伸肌达峰力矩的时间大于屈肌;右侧膝关节屈肌相对峰力矩(PT/BM)与下肢形态学指标表现出不同程度的正相关.本研究结论,青少年男子篮球运动员膝关节峰力矩变化规律与成年人相一致,但左右侧膝关节屈伸肌群做功能力发展不平衡,屈伸肌群运动达峰力矩角度、达峰力矩的时间存在显著差异.     

不同角速度下自行车运动员膝关节肌力特征的研究

方法：利用CONTREX等速肌力测试与训练系统,以180°／s、120°／s、60°／s3种角速度对苏州市自行车训练队26名运动员右腿膝关节进行等速向心屈伸测试。目的：分析自行车运动员不同角速度下等速向心收缩与膝关节肌肌力的关系及肌力特征。结果：1、屈伸肌峰力矩随速度的增加呈减小趋势。2、到达峰力矩的时间随测试速度的增加而缩短。且男女运动员在180°／s与120°／s组间均无显著差异。3、膝关节相对平均功率伸肌均大于屈肌,120°／ts时,屈伸肌的相对平均功率最大。4、屈伸肌比在64．8％～70．6％内,有随速度增加而增加的趋势。结论：以60°／s的角速度训练肌肉最大力量效果更明显;爆发力在120°／s时训练效果最佳;屈／伸肌比值（H／Q）在正常范围内,但低于优秀运动员（优秀运动员可达80％以上）。