Judging athletes’ moral actions: some critical reflections

Approving or disapproving of athletes’ moral conduct and character is commonplace. In this essay I explore to what extent such judgements are valid and reliable moral judgements. I identify some methodological problems associated with making moral judgements particularly, but not exclusively, from a virtue perspective. I argue that we have no reliable access to states of mind needed to make informed evaluations. Moreover, even if such access was available, the validity of our judgements would be compromised or limited by our own moral character.

Abbreviations: ECB: England and Wales Cricket Board; VAR: Video Assistant Referee     

彩票的数学评判模型

对传统型彩票和乐透型彩票评奖方案的合理性问题进行研究.运用模糊数学理论建立模糊综合评判模型;通过构造吸引力效用函数建立吸引力效用评判模型;通过构造潜在购买量函数建立潜在购买量评判模型,评价得出比较合理的彩票销售方案.最后设计模型的优化方案并用蒙特卡洛优化法进行求解,给出改进评奖方案的建议.     

动机效果主次论:一种可操作的裁判员道德评价观

伴随着市场经济和俱乐部职业化商业化的持续发展,体育比赛中的道德问题日益突出,裁判员的道德问题尤为引人关注。在道德评价的理论基础上,提出了裁判员道德评价的基本标准:真、善、美,具体标准:公正、诚实、节制与勇敢。通过分析伦理学界道德评价的三种依据:动机论、效果论、动机与效果结合论的优缺点,提出动机效果主次论是一种可以对裁判员道德行为进行评价的主要依据与方法。     

悖论和道德悖论

根据思维内容可将悖论分为理论型悖论和知行型悖论;在理论型悖论中包括逻辑学悖论、哲学悖论、学科悖论等;在知行型悖论中,包括同各学科悖论相对应的学科知行型悖论。道德悖论是学科悖论的一种,包括理论型道德悖论和知行型道德悖论;理论型道德悖论有道义逻辑悖论和伦理悖论;知行型道德悖论则称为德行悖论。     

In and out of home care decisions: The influence of confirmation bias in developing decision supportive reasoning

The aims of this study were to identify the themes Social Workers regard as important in supporting decisions to remove children from, or return them to, the care of their parents. To further elicit underlying hypotheses that are discernible in interpretation of evidence. A case study, comprising a two-part vignette with a questionnaire, recorded demographic information, child welfare attitudes and risk assessments, using scales derived from standardised instruments, was completed by 202 Social Workers in Northern Ireland. There were two manipulated variables, mother's attitude to removal and child's attitude to reunification 2 years later. In this paper we use data derived from respondents’ qualitative comments explaining their reasoning for in and out of home care decisions. Some 60.9% of respondent's chose the parental care option at part one, with 94% choosing to have the child remain in foster care at part two. The manipulated variables were found to have no significant statistical effect. However, three underlying hypotheses were found to underpin decisions; (a) child rescue, (b) kinship defence and (c) a hedged position on calculation of risk subject to further assessment. Reasoning strategies utilised by social workers to support their decision making suggest that they tend to selectively interpret information either positively or negatively to support pre-existing underlying hypotheses. This finding is in keeping with the literature on ‘confirmation bias.’ The research further draws attention to the need to incorporate open questions in quantitative studies, to help guard against surface reading of data, which often does not ‘speak for itself.’     

用反馈网络法判断放大器的反馈性质

负反馈放大器以优良的性能得到了广泛应用，然而学生往往觉得判断反馈的正负性质比较困难，尤其是复杂电路。本文提出了放大器反馈性质的另一种判断方法——反馈网络法。该法直观、逻辑清晰，结合瞬时极性判断法，使反馈性质的判断方法多样化，非常灵活方便，使反馈性质的判断不觉得困难。     

对我国足球、篮球裁判界"黑哨"现象的成因分析及对策探讨

以我国正在蓬勃开展的足球、篮球职业化联赛为背景,以当前社会各界普遍关注的足球、篮球裁判界的“黑哨”现象为切入点,系统地对“黑哨”现象的成因进行了分析,并通过借鉴国外的先进管理经验,提出了通过加大司法介入力度、加快竞技体育管理体制改革、加强对管理主体的规范化管理、加强裁判员队伍的建设、加强俱乐部财务管理等解决对策,以期达到净化赛场“黑色”现象的目的。     

运动性疲劳及其测定

本文综述了国内外运动性疲劳及其诊断的研究成果,为普及运动训练科学化知识,提供重要的理论与方法。     

二号位拦网判断研究

根据排球网上攻拦的发展趋势，以及我国拦网技术水平的现状，对拦网的判断进行研究并提出有效的训练方法，以使拦网的成功率得到提高。     

论团体操的审美价值

从审美角度来分析团体操的审美价值, 重点阐述了团体操中审美教育的价值、体育美的价值、培养和提高人们审美能力的价值。