试论竞技体育中故意伤害行为的刑法考量

采用文献研究结合逻辑分析的方法,从竞技体育行业特殊性及其刑法规制争议性出发,结合国内外相关案例,通过对刑法规制的损益分析,从支持刑法规制的角度,提出了认定竞技体育故意伤害行为是否触犯刑法的具体判断标准及步骤,即应当严格遵循“客观不法+主观有责”两步判断法,在主客观重合的范围内判断该行为是否构成犯罪,必要时考虑该行为损害的法益是否受刑法保护,从而更好地进行个案平衡。     

Compelling overuse injury incidence in youth multisport athletes

The present investigation was carried out to examine the incidence and pattern of injuries in adolescent multisport athletes from youth sports academy. Injury data were prospectively collected from 166 athletes during the seasons from 2009 to 2014. A total of 643 injuries were identified, 559 (87.0%) were time-loss injuries. The overall injury incidence was 5.5 (95% confidence interval CI: 5.1–6.0), the incidence of time-loss injuries was 4.8 (95% CI: 4.4–5.2), the incidence of growth conditions was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) and incidence of serious injuries was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5–0.8) per 1000?h of exposure. The prevalence of overuse injuries was 50.3%. Growth conditions represented 20.0%. Most of the injuries (67.0%) involved the lower extremities, and both foot and ankle were the most predominant injured body parts (22.0%). Knee injuries were mostly from overuse (50 vs. 23, p?=?.02), whereas foot and ankle injuries resulted from an acute mechanism (94 vs. 31, p?<?.0001). Minor and moderate injuries accounted for 87.0%. Muscle, tendon and osteochondrosis injuries accounted for 52.0% of all injuries. Comparing groups, squash sport was having the highest injury incidence (8.5 injuries per athlete). Higher exposure was associated with greater overuse relative risk (RR?=?1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.014, p?<?.001). In conclusion, the results of this study identified a high incidence of injuries in this youth sports population. Striking was the prevalence of overuse injuries of 50%, which suggests the need for injury prevention protocols for adolescent highly trained athletes.     

Biomechanics of judo backward breakfall for different throwing techniques in novice judokas

It is generally accepted that proper learning of the breakfall technique during early judo training is essential for attenuating the risk of judo-related head injury. Therefore, it is critical to understand the kinematics and head injury risks of breakfall motion to design a more safe and effective judo teaching paradigm that results in reduction of injury risk. We aimed to investigate the biomechanics of judo backward breakfalls by comparing osoto-gari and ouchi-gari in novice judokas. Twelve male novice judokas (age: 21.3 years, SD?=?0.6 years; height: 1.74?m, SD?=?0.04?m; body weight: 71.3, SD?=?6.4?kg; body mass index: 23.5, SD?=?2.3) volunteered to participate in this study. The kinematic data of the breakfall motion for both osoto-gari and ouchi-gari were collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis technique (200?Hz). We observed significant differences between the movement patterns for the two techniques, especially in the lower extremity movements. In addition, a significantly greater peak extension momentum (osoto-gari: 1.29, SD?=?0.23?kg?m^2?s^?1; ouchi-gari: 0.84, SD?=?0.29?kg?m^2?s^?1) and lower head position along the vertical axis (osoto-gari: 0.18, SD?=?0.05?m; ouchi-gari: 0.31, SD?=?0.08?m) with a large effect size were found in the breakfall for osoto-gari. Our results suggest that a different paradigm is needed for effectively teaching each breakfall technique that will enable us to substantially lower the risk of judo-related head injuries in novice judokas.     

Acute fatigue negatively affects risk factors for injury in trained but not well-trained habitually shod runners when running barefoot

Introduction: Many factors may contribute to running-related injury. These include fatigue and footwear, the combination of which has rarely been studied, in particular with reference to barefoot running, recently advocated as a method to reduce injury risk. Methods: Twenty-two runners (12 well-trained and 10 trained) participated in a 10?km fatiguing trial. Knee and ankle joint kinematics and kinetics and electromyography were assessed during overground running in the barefoot and shod condition. This was performed pre- and post-fatigue using a motion capture system and force platforms. Results: Initial loading rate increased in the trained runners when barefoot but not shod. Shod knee stiffness increased in both groups after fatigue, whereas barefoot knee stiffness decreased only in the trained group. A reduction in barefoot bicep femoris pre-activation was found in both groups. During stance, a reduction in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris and an increase in tibialis anterior activity were found over time in both groups and conditions. Trained runners decreased gluteus medius and increased lateral gastrocnemius median frequency for both conditions after fatigue. Conclusion: When fatigued, gait adjustments in habitually shod runners may increase injury risk when running barefoot. Training status may be a risk factor for injury, as less-trained runners experience muscular fatigue changes that may compromise ground reaction force attenuation. Caution is recommended when transitioning to pure barefoot running.     

振动力量训练对跳远运动员膝关节肌力变化影响的实验

为了拓宽专项力量训练途径,丰富和创新力量训练方法,通过振动力量训练组(II组)和传统力量训练组(I)对比实验研究来探索振动力量训练对跳远运动员下肢肌肉力量训练效果的影响规律,为进一步振动力量训练发展和应用提供实验依据。实验结果表明:振动力量训练法能在同等的负荷条件下,能更有效地发展运动员膝关节屈肌群的最大力量、快速力量、爆发力,其中伸肌表现不明显;振动力量训练也提高了运动员的膝关节肌群力量耐力水平,同时使膝关节屈伸肌群得到协调发展。     

跳板跳水跨跳步摆动肢体的运动学分析

以国家队10名优秀男子跳板跳水运动员为研究对象,在合理界定跨跳步时相的基础上,对其摆动肢体的运动特征进行分析。发现跨跳步的摆臂方式是直肘沉臂和屈肘升臂、跨跳步的摆腿是采用控膝摆髋技术来增大人体的压板力量、快升臂和高提腿有利于增大有效压板和腾空高度。同时分别得到了跨跳步自由肢体摆动与支撑腿蹬伸协调配合的具体运动学特征和控膝摆髋技术的具体运动学参数。     

对我国青少年足球运动员伸、屈膝等动力量及下肢爆发力特点研究

通过文献资料法、测试法及数理统计法对国内不同年龄、等级青少年足球运动员大腿伸膝、屈膝肌群等动力量及下肢爆发力特点进行研究.结果表明,随年龄与训练年限的增长,青少年足球运动员伸、屈膝等动力量逐渐增加.18岁足球运动员屈膝等动力量明显高于16岁运动员,而在伸膝等动力量上两者没有明显差别.前者的伸膝/屈膝等动肌力比高于后者.在10 m站立式全速跑测试上,18岁足球运动员的成绩明显好于16岁足球运动员.然而在30 m站立全速跑及原地静止式纵跳、原地下蹲式纵跳的成绩上两者之间没有明显区别,说明下肢爆发力训练随年龄增长没有得到足够的重视.     

Misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among students preparing to be special education professionals

The researchers performed a survey study to determine the effectiveness of collegiate programmes in dispelling common misconceptions about traumatic brain injury (TBI) while preparing undergraduate and graduate students for special education (SpEd) careers. Respondents included 136 undergraduate and 147 graduate SpEd students in their final semesters before obtaining degrees. Each completed an 18‐item true/false survey about TBI and the associated recovery process. Results were compared with survey responses from 318 lay public respondents who participated in a previous study. Two major findings emerged: (a) no significant differences existed in misconception endorsement between SpEd students completing Bachelor's versus Master's degrees; and (b) graduating students in SpEd teacher preparation programmes endorsed similar misconceptions as lay public respondents; hence, these programmes do not appear effective in dispelling common TBI misconceptions. Improving academic preparation for special educators regarding TBI is imperative for effectively identifying, assessing and serving student survivors.     

《学生伤害事故处理办法》存在的问题分析

从我国现行法律法规角度出发,结合学校教育中学生伤害事故的具体情况,分析探讨了教育部《学生伤害事故处理办法》存在的几个问题。《学生伤害事故处理办法》部分条款条文的规定已超越其权限范围、不合理地规避公平责任和需进一步细化具体内容。建议：通过国家立法完善学生伤害事故处理的规范。     

Impact absorption of tennis shoe-surface combinations

The aim of this study was to investigate, for typical shoes and surfaces used in tennis, the relative role of the shoe and surface in providing cushioning during running. Five test surfaces ranging from concrete to artificial turf were selected, together with two shoe models. Impact absorbing ability was assessed mechanically using drop test procedures and biomechanically using peak magnitude and rate of loading of impact force and peak in-shoe pressure data at the lateral heel. Differences in biomechanical variables between shoe-surface combinations were identified using a two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Mechanical test results were found to rank the surfaces in the same order regardless of the shoe model, suggesting that the surface is influential in providing cushioning. However, for all mechanical and biomechanical (p < 0.05) variables representing impact absorbing ability, it was found that the difference between shoes was markedly greater than the differences between surfaces. The peak heel pressure data were found to rank the surfaces in the same order as the mechanical tests, while impact force data were not as sensitive to the changes in surface. Correlations between mechanical and biomechanical impact absorption highlighted the importance of testing the shoe-surface combination in mechanical tests, rather than the surface alone. In conclusion, mechanical testing of the shoe-surface combination was found to provide a strong predictor of the impact absorbing ability during running if pressure data were used. In addition, for typical shoe-surface combinations in tennis, the shoe was found to have more potential than the surface to influence impact loading during running. Finally, in-shoe pressure data were found to be more sensitive than force plate data to changes in material cushioning.