试论伍廷芳的商业思想

伍廷芳是中国近代著名的外交家、法学家、实业家,他对促进中国近代的商业发展贡献很大,他提出了扩大通商的种种措施,还参与制定商律保护商人的利益,晚年还在上海致力于推广国货。其商业方面的宝贵思想值得探讨。     

Controlling access to the Internet: The role of filtering

Controlling access to the Internet by means of filtering softwarehas become a growth industry in the U.S. and elsewhere. Its usehas increased as the mandatory response to the current plagues ofsociety, namely, pornography, violence, hate, and in general,anything seen to be unpleasant or threatening. Also of potentialconcern is the possible limitation of access to Web sites thatdiscuss drugs, without distinguishing advocacy from scientificand informed analysis of addiction. With the rise of an effectivecreationist movement dedicated to the elimination of evolutionarytheory in the curriculum, it is to be expected that attempts willbe made to limit access to sites presenting such theories, incertain jurisdictions in the U.S. The current preferred method ofchoice to limit access is to filter content either by blockingaccess to specific Web sites, referred to by their URLs, or byusing a large set of keywords to prevent accessing sites thatcontain one or more of these words. Another more insidious schemeis to encourage or even require every Web site to rate itscontent along a number of dimensions, including violence,language, sexual explicitness, and nudity. Then individualbrowsers can be programmed to return references only to thosesites that fall below a pre-specified profile. The dangers forfree speech inherent in such schemes will be discussed. Effortsto produce legislation in the U.S. to mandate the use offiltering or rating programs will be described, as will somerecent court decisions involving their use in libraries.     

从宪法到宪法诉讼

1803年,以美国的马伯里诉麦迪逊案为契机,揭开了宪法诉讼的序幕,在该案中,马歇尔法官提出一个极有价值的宪法问题。一部违宪的国会立法是否成为国家的法律?他认为,宪法是由人民制定的,是人民设定未来政府的方案,具有最高的法律效力。立法机构的权力是有限的。至此,以违宪审查制度的基础为宪法诉讼制度得到突飞猛进的发展,通过审查法律、法规以及某些重要的政治行为是否合宪来解释宪法的含义和保障宪法的实施成为宪法发挥其作用的重要途径。     

The Force Concept Inventory as a Measure of Students Conceptual Coherence

The Force Concept Inventory (FCI) is a multiple choice test designed to monitor students’ understanding of the conceptual domain of force and related kinematics (Hestenes et al. Physics Teacher 30:141–158 1992; Halloun et al., 1995, Online at http://modeling.asu.edu/R&E/Research.html). It has gained wide popularity among both researchers and physics instructors in the United States and elsewhere. The FCI has also been criticized, and its validity as a measure of the coherence of a student’s understanding of the force concept has been questioned. In this paper we provide a characterization of students’ conceptual coherence and a way to evaluate it using the FCI. We divide students’ conceptual coherence into three aspects: representational coherence (the ability to use multiple representations and move between them), contextual coherence (the ability to apply a concept across a variety of contexts), and conceptual framework coherence (the ability to fit related concepts together, i.e. to integrate and differentiate between them). Postinstruction FCI results and interview data from two Finnish high school groups (n=49 total) are discussed; the data provide evidence that the FCI can be used to evaluate students’ conceptual coherence—especially contextual coherence—of the force concept.     

The role of constructivist educational software on students’ learning regarding mechanical interaction

This paper mainly describes the role of the multimedia software package ‘Interactions between Objects’ on students’ learning of mechanical interaction forces and Newton’s laws. We designed and developed this software within social constructivism on the basis of 226 students’ initial conceptions (categorized in six categories), in order to help students construct appropriate knowledge about the subject. Teaching with the software was conducted in 13 primary, lower secondary and upper secondary school classes. In the software’s evaluation research 226 students (aged 11–16) and 13 teachers of the classes participated. Data analysis showed students’ substantial learning gains with respect to their initial alternative conceptions of the six conceptual categories. Particularly, the students’ incorrect answers to the post-test questionnaire have perceptibly decreased (a mean of 65%). In contrast, their correct answers to the questions reached high percentages, from 60% to 90% depending on the question and the students’ age. Also the teachers’ opinions and comments enhanced software’s evaluation. The contribution of the software’s specific characteristics on students’ learning is discussed along with implications for designing constructivist science learning tools.     

医疗合同中医方附随义务研究

为了对医疗合同中医方附随义务进行深入研究,采用文献资料研究法,研究认为,通过制定特别的医事法或将医疗合同制度纳入现行法律法规中,及时推行司法判例等完善医方附随义务制度,构建和谐的医患关系。     

数字环境下图书馆制度的法制保障

数字环境下的图书馆也可谓是数字图书馆,数字图书馆经过几十年的发展,目前已经普及,并且进入了深层次的发展时期。数字环境下信息资源来源广而复杂,信息资源的知识产权问题、数字资源的整合和筛选问题、图书馆的服务方式等问题有待解决。宪法和各种法律法规对图书馆数字资源的规定比较少,甚至是空白,图书馆法对该项也不健全,对数字图书馆资源建设缺乏相应的保障,特提出健全数字图书馆法律法规的意义和建议。     

新时期网络文明建设对策研究

互联网的产生给人际交往带来了便捷,扩大了人们的视野。作为一种新兴媒介,互联网在和谐社会构建中起到了越来越重要的作用。然而,在现实生活中,各种不文明现象充斥着网络,一些负面的甚至是消极影响的内容干扰着我国的精神文明建设,如果不加以重视,必然会对社会的发展产生阻碍。文章通过对网络文明的剖析,从网络媒体文明、网民文明、网络法律法规三个方面着手,探索新时期网络文明的建设对策。     

文化遗产概念与价值的表述--兼论我国文物保护法的相关问题

本文从探讨文化遗产概念的起源出发,综述国外文化遗产概念的演进,分析其在价值认识上的发展趋势,得出遗产定义的表述应包含三个要素：价值体系、物质形态和表现特性。并回顾我国文化遗产概念的发展历程,根据遗产定义要素检视我国文保法在遗产概念与价值表述上存在的问题。     

领导高校科学发展的高校领导班子建设规律初探

发展已成为当今时代最鲜明的主题,科学发展是党中央的新部署和全国人民的新期待,领导和推动科学发展则成为领导班子建设的价值新取向。党的十七届四中全会和五中全会对科学发展提出了新任务。高校科学发展有各领域科学发展的共性,也有自己的内在规定性。高校科学发展对高校领导班子建设提出了新要求。高校领导班子建设要体现高校特点,遵循规律。在高校科学发展中,领导班子建设要遵循的规律是政治家和教育家相统一律。