Vertical jumping and leg power normative data for English school children aged 10–15 years

Abstract

Although vertical jumping is often incorporated into physical activity tests for both adults and children, normative data for children and adolescents are lacking in the literature. The objectives of this study were to provide normative data of jump height and predicted peak leg power for males and females aged 10.0–15.9 years. Altogether, 1845 children from 12 state primary and secondary schools in the East of England participated in the study. Each child performed two countermovement jumps, and jump height was calculated using a NewTest jump mat. The highest jump was used for analysis and in the calculation of predicted peak power. Jump height and predicted peak leg power were significantly higher for males than females from the age of 11 years. Jump height and peak power increased significantly year on year for males. For females, jump height and predicted peak leg power reached a plateau after age 12 and 13 years respectively. This study provides normative data that can be used as a tool to classify jumping performance in children aged 10–15 years.     

The biomechanics of the triple jump: A review

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to review the published opinions of coaches and the findings of scientists concerning the techniques used in the triple jump, and to identify promising avenues for future research on the subject. A model is developed to identify those factors that have a causal role in determining the official distance of a triple jump. This model is then used as a basis for the subsequent review. The review itself considers each of the biomechanical factors identified in the model, some additional factors reported in the literature, and selected characteristics of triple jumping techniques. It is concluded that research on triple jump techniques has been sparse and has had little impact on practice. Identification of the individual attributes that determine the optimum ratio of the phase distances for a given athlete, the loads to which the supporting legs are subjected and the control of balance during a triple jump are seen as challenging and potentially useful topics of future research.     

Vertical jumping height and horizontal overhead throwing velocity in young male athletes

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calendar and skeletal age, anthropometric dimensions, training history and their interactions on vertical jumping height and horizontal overhead throwing velocity in a cross‐section of 318 young male athletes (age range 9–16 years) participating in cross‐country skiing (n = 70), basketball (n = 40), apparatus gymnastics (n = 19), ice hockey (n = 50), track and field (n = 89) and wrestling (n = 50). Vertical jumping height was measured with four different loads held on the shoulders and then interpolated for loads representing 0 and 40% body mass. Horizontal overhead throwing velocity using both hands was determined for seven balls of different weights and then interpolated for weights representing 1 and 5% body mass.

Both vertical jumping height and overhead throwing velocity were found to increase (P< 0.01) from the skeletally youngest to the oldest cohort when the effects of body height and mass were controlled. The inter‐event comparisons did not reveal statistically significant differences in respect of vertical jumping height. Also in the overhead throwing tests, the inter‐event differences were small, although the analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (P< 0.001) differences for the skeletal age cohorts of 13 and 14 years. While the quantity of training had no effect on vertical jumping height, it explained the results in the overhead throwing test.

The effects of training on vertical jumping and horizontal overhead throwing among adolescent athletes were considered to be small, while maturational processes and anthropometric development followed by increase in calendar age were deemed to be of greater importance.     

Show‐Jumping

This study examined the effects of the rider on the linear projectile kinematics of show‐jumping horses. SVHS video recordings (50 Hz) of eight horses jumping a vertical fence 1 m high were used for the study. Horses jumped the fence under two conditions: loose (no rider or tack) and ridden. Recordings were digitised using Peak Motus. After digitising the sequences, each rider's digitised data were removed from the ridden horse data so that three conditions were examined: loose, ridden (including the rider's data) and riderless (rider's data removed). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between ridden and loose conditions for CG height at take‐off (p < 0.001), CG distance to the fence at take‐off (p = 0.001), maximum CG during the suspension phase (p < 0.001), CG position over the centre of the fence (p < 0.001), CG height at landing (p < 0.001), and vertical velocity at take‐off (p < 0.001). The results indicated that the rider's effect on jumping horses was primarily due to behavioural changes in the horse's motion (resulting from the rider's instruction), rather than inertial effects (due to the positioning of the rider on the horse). These findings have implications for the coaching of riders and horses.     

Biomechanical analysis of the different classifications of the Functional Movement Screen deep squat test

The purpose of this study is to examine the peak sagittal plane joint angles and joint moments of the lower extremity during the deep squat (DS) movement of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) to assess differences between the classifications (1,2,3). Twenty-eight participants volunteered for the study and were screened to assess their FMS score on the DS task. All participants underwent a quantitative movement analysis performing the FMS DS movement at a self-selected speed. The participants in Group 3 exhibited greater dorsiflexion excursion compared to those in Group 1. Participants in Group 3 had greater peak knee flexion and knee flexion excursion than those in Group 2 who exhibited more than the participants in Group 1. Group 3 also exhibited a greater peak knee extension moment compared to Group 1. At the hip, Groups 3 and 2 exhibited greater peak hip flexion, hip flexion excursion and peak hip extension moment compared to Group 1. Thus, it appears that individuals who score differently on the deep squat as determined by the FMS exhibit differences in mechanics that may be beneficial in assessing strategies for interventions. Future research should assess how fundamental changes in mobility and stability independently affect DS performance.     

广饶县第一中学男篮运动员弹跳力训练实验研究

本文以广饶县第一中学的12名篮球运动员为实验对象,对其弹跳力训练进行了三个月的实验研究。结果表明:对照组和实验组的成绩都有明显的提高,而实验组成绩提高的幅度明显高于对照组;而实验组所采用的负重半蹲训练正好使弹跳所动用的肌肉群(股后肌群和腓肠肌)得到加强,其弹跳力比对照组有显著的提高。     

世界跳台滑雪优秀运动员年龄特征研究

跳台滑雪运动在我国起步较晚,近几年来发展较快,成为我国冬奥会奖牌新的增长点。运用文献资料、数理统计、比较研究等方法,通过对1980～2006冬奥会跳台滑雪前9名运动员年龄特征的研究,得出:世界跳台滑雪优秀运动员的平均年龄从80年代开始呈逐渐增大的趋势;随着项目的发展,优秀运动员的运动寿命较以往优秀运动员延长了;跳台滑雪的两个项目优秀运动员的平均年龄差异越发不明显;我国跳台滑雪运动员的平均年龄已经接近当今世界优秀跳台滑雪运动员的平均年龄等结论,为跳台滑雪运动在我国的全面开展和备战冬奥会提供理论支持和参考。     

国内外优秀男子跳远运动员跳远技术特征的比较研究

采用文献资料研究法，对国内外优秀男子跳远运动学参数和跳远技术特征进行比较分析。结果表明：走以力量见长的高跳跃型技术之路，是提高国内男子跳远运动成绩的有效途径。并提出了相应的对策。     

跳远踏跳专项力量特征及其训练方法

从跳远专项力量特征、专项力量练习设计与选择2个方面进行了分析研究，并据此提出了专项力量训练方法。提高跳远运动员的专项踏跳力量能力，有助于运动员掌握正确的专项技术动作，促进其专项综合素质能力的发展。     

排球比赛中跳发球与站发球技术比较

跳发球的技术力量大、速度快，具有攻击性、隐蔽性和突然性，得分率高。我国应加强跳发球技术的推广与运用。