Biomechanical analysis of the different classifications of the Functional Movement Screen deep squat test

The purpose of this study is to examine the peak sagittal plane joint angles and joint moments of the lower extremity during the deep squat (DS) movement of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) to assess differences between the classifications (1,2,3). Twenty-eight participants volunteered for the study and were screened to assess their FMS score on the DS task. All participants underwent a quantitative movement analysis performing the FMS DS movement at a self-selected speed. The participants in Group 3 exhibited greater dorsiflexion excursion compared to those in Group 1. Participants in Group 3 had greater peak knee flexion and knee flexion excursion than those in Group 2 who exhibited more than the participants in Group 1. Group 3 also exhibited a greater peak knee extension moment compared to Group 1. At the hip, Groups 3 and 2 exhibited greater peak hip flexion, hip flexion excursion and peak hip extension moment compared to Group 1. Thus, it appears that individuals who score differently on the deep squat as determined by the FMS exhibit differences in mechanics that may be beneficial in assessing strategies for interventions. Future research should assess how fundamental changes in mobility and stability independently affect DS performance.     

单足与双足跳深时支撑腿的生物力学特征分析

使用三维测力台、高速摄像机和同步仪对10名男性跳跃类二级运动员进行单足和双足不同高度跳深时的图像采集和数据收集,并对解析后的图像和数据进行分析。结果表明：单足跳深的适宜高度是30cm,双足跳深的适宜高度是70cm;跳深时同一级别的运动员个体差异性很大。     

第30届伦敦奥运会跳跃项目运动员的年龄、身体形态及竞技表现研究

运用文献资料方法、数理统计方法和逻辑分析等方法,对第30届伦敦奥运会跳跃项目运动员的年龄、身体形态、跳跃成功率、比赛发挥率以及在不同试跳次数中出现决定成绩的人数进行相关统计分析。结果显示,参赛运动员的平均年龄为25.05-30.42岁,女子平均年龄大于男子,在三级跳远项目上最为明显;跳跃项目男子运动员平均身高为1.85-1.87m之间,女子平均身高为1.71-1.76m之间,大部分运动员呈现出高大化发展趋势。决赛阶段运动员跳跃的平均成功率为66.67%,6次不同试跳的成功率以低高交错＂锯齿＂状呈现。跳跃项群运动员的比赛发挥存在着项目以及性别差异,决赛阶段,参赛运动员的平均发挥率整体高于资格赛阶段。决赛阶段,6次试跳中出现决定成绩的百分比分别为12.5%、21.88%、15.63%、31.25%、6.25%和12.5%,在第3次和第4次试跳中出现决定成绩概率最高,本届奥运会跳跃（跳远和三级跳远）项目呈现出第3次和第4次试跳成功率和发挥率最高的特点。     

Vertical jumping and leg power normative data for English school children aged 10–15 years

Abstract

Although vertical jumping is often incorporated into physical activity tests for both adults and children, normative data for children and adolescents are lacking in the literature. The objectives of this study were to provide normative data of jump height and predicted peak leg power for males and females aged 10.0–15.9 years. Altogether, 1845 children from 12 state primary and secondary schools in the East of England participated in the study. Each child performed two countermovement jumps, and jump height was calculated using a NewTest jump mat. The highest jump was used for analysis and in the calculation of predicted peak power. Jump height and predicted peak leg power were significantly higher for males than females from the age of 11 years. Jump height and peak power increased significantly year on year for males. For females, jump height and predicted peak leg power reached a plateau after age 12 and 13 years respectively. This study provides normative data that can be used as a tool to classify jumping performance in children aged 10–15 years.     

The biomechanics of the triple jump: A review

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to review the published opinions of coaches and the findings of scientists concerning the techniques used in the triple jump, and to identify promising avenues for future research on the subject. A model is developed to identify those factors that have a causal role in determining the official distance of a triple jump. This model is then used as a basis for the subsequent review. The review itself considers each of the biomechanical factors identified in the model, some additional factors reported in the literature, and selected characteristics of triple jumping techniques. It is concluded that research on triple jump techniques has been sparse and has had little impact on practice. Identification of the individual attributes that determine the optimum ratio of the phase distances for a given athlete, the loads to which the supporting legs are subjected and the control of balance during a triple jump are seen as challenging and potentially useful topics of future research.     

Vertical jumping height and horizontal overhead throwing velocity in young male athletes

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calendar and skeletal age, anthropometric dimensions, training history and their interactions on vertical jumping height and horizontal overhead throwing velocity in a cross‐section of 318 young male athletes (age range 9–16 years) participating in cross‐country skiing (n = 70), basketball (n = 40), apparatus gymnastics (n = 19), ice hockey (n = 50), track and field (n = 89) and wrestling (n = 50). Vertical jumping height was measured with four different loads held on the shoulders and then interpolated for loads representing 0 and 40% body mass. Horizontal overhead throwing velocity using both hands was determined for seven balls of different weights and then interpolated for weights representing 1 and 5% body mass.

Both vertical jumping height and overhead throwing velocity were found to increase (P< 0.01) from the skeletally youngest to the oldest cohort when the effects of body height and mass were controlled. The inter‐event comparisons did not reveal statistically significant differences in respect of vertical jumping height. Also in the overhead throwing tests, the inter‐event differences were small, although the analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (P< 0.001) differences for the skeletal age cohorts of 13 and 14 years. While the quantity of training had no effect on vertical jumping height, it explained the results in the overhead throwing test.

The effects of training on vertical jumping and horizontal overhead throwing among adolescent athletes were considered to be small, while maturational processes and anthropometric development followed by increase in calendar age were deemed to be of greater importance.     

Sir Galahad,Skiing and a Woman's Quest for Freedom

Sir Galahad, alias Bertha Eckstein-Diener, was a famous Austrian author writing in the first half of the twentieth century. Her most important books include the novel The Conic Sections of God (Die Kegelschnitte Gottes [1921]), which contains much autobiographical material, and Mothers and Amazons (Mütter und Amazone [1932]), a cultural history of women focusing on matriarchies. Bertha Eckstein-Diener had an unusual life: the daughter of a well-to-do factory owner, she grew up in Vienna, married polymath Friedrich Eckstein against her father's will, divorced her husband after several years of marriage, survived a tragic love affair and travelled constantly. She was proud both of her slim figure and of her sporting achievements. As a young woman, she was one of Vienna's best figure skaters, an excellent horse rider and a mountaineer. She gave up skating for skiing, which became her main pastime in winter. She also learned ski jumping. The little information that is available about her skiing activities clearly demonstrates that this sport played a key role in her life. Besides perfectly keeping up with her self-image as a competent woman, skiing provided her with the opportunity of escaping normal life and experiencing freedom and adventure.     

反馈网络的负载效应

通过实例说明反馈网络的负载效应，从而归纳出从实际反馈放大器中分离出基本放大器和反馈网络的一般方法。     

鲜明独特多姿多彩--论新现实主义小说的人物塑造

新现实主义小说的作家们从不同的审美视域表现着各色人等的不同状貌和境况，塑造了一批鲜明独特、多姿多彩的人物形象，深刻地揭示出了他们的心理深度和精神世界。既丰富了当代文学人物形象的画廊，又深化了现实主义文学精神。     

综合性练习对提高跳跃成绩的作用

进行垂直跳动练习时，用负重杠铃练习及静力性练习的综合性训练方法比用反复进行单一性垂直跳练习来提高垂直跳能力有着非常显著的效果，对跳跃成绩的提高也有着明显的作用。