Cuba’s Challenges Hosting the 1991 Pan-American Games and the Spectacle of the Revolution’s ‘Soft Power’

Abstract

This paper examines the confluence of global, regional, and national politics in the lead up to the 1991 Pan-American Games hosted by Cuba. Cuba’s contentious selection as host was wholly underpinned by the international politics of the time. Once selected, the preparations for the Games in Havana were surrounded by an unprecedented domestic economic crisis fueled by shifts in global politics. This paper analyzes how international politics informed the hosting of the 1991 Pan-American Games, and shaped the political challenge the Cuban government faced in hosting such an event. The Revolution’s use of sport domestically and internationally came to the forefront in its efforts as host and the results of those efforts proved to be providential given the emerging political economic contexts during and in the ensuing years after the Games.     

Social Inclusion – Social Exclusion: Physical Exercise as Means Between Strengthening Individuals and Integration into Collectivities

Abstract

Physical exercise, beyond the mere physical aspect, is very much a social construct. But it is as well a means of constructing the social and as such it can be used in different ways. The contribution, taking a broad comparative perspective, will reflect on two major possibilities: the one may be called social inclusion as subordination and the other can be looked at as a matter of social inclusion by strengthening individuals. This also allows an understanding of new dangers of exclusion in the era of liquid modernity.     

遗失的线索:小传统与历史话语权力

中国传统的文化背景始终存在大传统与小传统的对立与交融。其中大传统始终是历史的主流 ,是历史学家的关注所在。而小传统则相对处在话语弱势与忽略之中。然而小传统下的世俗社会的发展始终延续着 ,是没有被历史记录的另一条历史线索。将小传统纳入历史话语权力中 ,从而呈现历史与社会的全貌 ,是史学发展的新方向 ,也是现代历史学家面临的课题与挑战     

具有非期望输出决策单元的有效性评价

针对具有非期望输出决策单元DMU的相对有效性 ,提出对其进行评价的非径向FDEA模型 ,并给出模型的相对有效性理论证明 .结合实际算例 ,指出FDEA模型在实际生产过程中对于节约生产资源 ,提高期望输出 ,降低非期望输出 ,特别是减少环境污染有重要应用价值 .     

综合国力与哲学社会科学成果

哲学社会科学成果与自然科学成果同样重要，哲学社会科学成果也是综合国力的体现，这是由哲学社会科学的地位所决定的，是由改革开放20多年坚持理论创新取得巨大成就的事实和中国历史史实所证明了的。而以美国为首的西方敌对势力推行的思想化渗透政策的巨大危害，又从反面证明了哲学社会科学成果对综合国力的影响。     

汉语"道歉"话语模式

道歉是交际中的一种补救性施事言语行为，也是一种礼貌的社会行为。其基本功能是为一项冒犯行为提供补救办法，恢复社会平衡与和谐。从语言形式来看，道歉具有语义句法程式化和规约化的普遍特征。本用语篇补全测试的问卷形式通过对汉语中道歉行为实施的调查、对所选策略进行了分类统计，结果表明道歉的话语模式包括多种策略和手段的组合，但策略的选用在很大程度上受到如权势、距离等因素的制约，说明道歉行为对化等因素的依赖。     

安徽R&D投入产出水平的实证分析

在国内外的研究基础上,结合安徽特有的基本情况,建立了一套评价安徽省各市R&D投入产出综合水平指 标体系,运用主成分分析和聚类分析,客观的评价了安徽省各地市R&D投入产出水平。评价结果表明,“合芜蚌”试验 区引领带动着全省R&D投入产出水平,“皖江带”城市R&D投入产出水平两极分化严重,而“皖北”地区则有崛起的势 头,从而为各市提升R&D投入产出水平提供参考依据。     

山东省会城市群经济圈科技投入与产出评价体系研究

通过构建科技创新体系评价指标,研究山东省会城市群经济圈科技投入与发展现状。运用熵值法确定指标 权重,对科技创新的核心因素进行深入分析,结合聚类分析法对经济圈内各地市的科技投入与产出情况进行比较评价 和分类研究,并给出提升经济圈科技投入与产出水平的对策建议。     

Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous on strength and sprint performance

Caffeine and coffee are widely used among active individuals to enhance performance. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of acute coffee (COF) and caffeine anhydrous (CAF) intake on strength and sprint performance. Fifty-four resistance-trained males completed strength testing, consisting of one-rep max (1RM) and repetitions to fatigue (RTF) at 80% of 1RM for leg press (LP) and bench press (BP). Participants then completed five, 10-second cycle ergometer sprints separated by one minute of rest. Peak power (PP) and total work (TW) were recorded for each sprint. At least 48 hours later, participants returned and ingested a beverage containing CAF (300?mg flat dose; yielding 3–5?mg/kg bodyweight), COF (8.9?g; 303?mg caffeine), or placebo (PLA; 3.8?g non-caloric flavouring) 30 minutes before testing. LP 1RM was improved more by COF than CAF (p?=?.04), but not PLA (p?=?.99). Significant interactions were not observed for BP 1RM, BP RTF, or LP RTF (p?>?.05). There were no sprint?×?treatment interactions for PP or TW (p?>?.05). 95% confidence intervals revealed a significant improvement in sprint 1 TW for CAF, but not COF or PLA. For PLA, significant reductions were observed in sprint 4 PP, sprint 2 TW, sprint 4 TW, and average TW; significant reductions were not observed with CAF or COF. Neither COF nor CAF improved strength outcomes more than PLA, while both groups attenuated sprint power reductions to a similar degree. Coffee and caffeine anhydrous may be considered suitable pre-exercise caffeine sources for high-intensity exercise.     

Determining optimal cadence for an individual road cyclist from field data

The cadence that maximises power output developed at the crank by an individual cyclist is conventionally determined using a laboratory test. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (i) to show that such a cadence, which we call the optimal cadence, can be determined using power output, heart-rate, and cadence measured in the field and (ii) to describe methodology to do so. For an individual cyclist's sessions, power output is related to cadence and the elicited heart-rate using a non-linear regression model. Optimal cadences are found for two riders (83 and 70 revolutions per minute, respectively); these cadences are similar to the riders’ preferred cadences (82–92?rpm and 65–75?rpm). Power output reduces by approximately 6% for cadences 20?rpm above or below optimum. Our methodology can be used by a rider to determine an optimal cadence without laboratory testing intervention: the rider will need to collect power output, heart-rate, and cadence measurements from training and racing sessions over an extended period (>6 months); ride at a range of cadences within those sessions; and calculate his/her optimal cadence using the methodology described or a software tool that implements it.