血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与运动能力关系的研究进展

采用文献资料法,总结和分析了ACE基因多态性与人体有氧代谢能力、肌肉力量及对人体运动能力机制等方面影响的研究成果。结果提示:ACE基因多态性与人体运动能力存在一定关联,但其通过何种途径影响运动能力尚有争议。因此,ACE基因能否作为人类运动能力的遗传标志,用于训练和运动员的科学选材,有待进一步研究。     

男子青少年运动员身体成分和无氧代谢能力发育特征及相关关系的研究

运用实验法，对123名9～17岁男子青少年运动员的身体成分和无氧代谢能力发育状况进行测试与分析，探讨青少年运动员身体成分与无氧代谢能力的发育特征及两者的相关关系。     

Evaluation of the exercise workload of broadcast calisthenics for children and adolescents aged 11–17 years

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the exercise workload of the 3rd Series of National Broadcast Calisthenics for Elementary and Middle School Students. Altogether, 120 students aged 11–17 years were randomly selected from elementary and middle schools to participate in the study. Each participant performed a cycle ergometer test to obtain maximum oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max) and maximum heart rate values. In the laboratory, oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂), metabolic equivalents (METs), and heart rate were recorded continuously throughout a calisthenics session performed by the participants. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded. Throughout the calisthenics session, mean percentage of [Vdot]O₂ reserve varied from 30.7% to 41.2%, mean percentage of heart rate reserve from 39.0% to 56.9%, and mean RPE from 9.0 to 10.4. The mean energy cost during most of the segments across the four routines of calisthenics was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 3.0 METs. In conclusion, the exercise workload of the 3rd Series of National Broadcast Calisthenics for Elementary and Middle School Students session varied from low to moderate. As part of a school-based physical activity intervention project, calisthenics would help to promote an active lifestyle and health in children and adolescents.     

Estimating changes in hydration status from changes in body mass: Considerations regarding metabolic water and glycogen storage

Abstract

The potential for imprecision in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass has been outlined previously but the equations derived from these derivations appear inconsistent. Reconciliation of body mass loss in terms of sweat loss and effective body water loss is possible from specific equation sets provided that gains and losses of both body mass and water used in the derivation of sweat loss and to derive effective body water loss are in inclusive equation sets. This is obligatory so that mass and water changes as quantifiable determinants are consistent with both internal processes and external gains and losses. Thus, body mass loss, substrate oxidation, metabolic water, and all the terms used in simultaneous equation sets have to be reconciled not only as identical variables but mathematically balance exactly. The revised equation for effective body water loss given here is different from that originally proposed. Metabolic water is part of body mass loss corrected for substrate oxidation, fluid ingestion, and respiratory water to derive sweat loss and it may not be justified to also include water associated with glycogen as releasable bound water. Accordingly, our calculated effective body water loss is substantially a greater loss than originally supposed but clearly still less than the simple balance between mass loss and fluid ingested.     

Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Abstract

Recovery from a bout of exercise is associated with an elevation in metabolism referred to as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). A number of investigators in the first half of the last century reported prolonged EPOC durations and that the EPOC was a major component of the thermic effect of activity. It was therefore thought that the EPOC was a major contributor to total daily energy expenditure and hence the maintenance of body mass. Investigations conducted over the last two or three decades have improved the experimental protocols used in the pioneering studies and therefore have more accurately characterized the EPOC. Evidence has accumulated to suggest an exponential relationship between exercise intensity and the magnitude of the EPOC for specific exercise durations. Furthermore, work at exercise intensities ≥50 – 60% [Vdot]O_2max stimulate a linear increase in EPOC as exercise duration increases. The existence of these relationships with resistance exercise at this stage remains unclear because of the limited number of studies and problems with quantification of work intensity for this type of exercise. Although the more recent studies do not support the extended EPOC durations reported by some of the pioneering investigators, it is now apparent that a prolonged EPOC (3 – 24 h) may result from an appropriate exercise stimulus (submaximal: ≥50 min at ≥70% [Vdot]O_2max; supramaximal: ≥6 min at ≥105% [Vdot]O_2max). However, even those studies incorporating exercise stimuli resulting in prolonged EPOC durations have identified that the EPOC comprises only 6 – 15% of the net total oxygen cost of the exercise. But this figure may need to be increased when studies utilizing intermittent work bouts are designed to allow the determination of rest interval EPOCs, which should logically contribute to the EPOC determined following the cessation of the last work bout. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the earlier research optimism regarding an important role for the EPOC in weight loss is generally unfounded. This is further reinforced by acknowledging that the exercise stimuli required to promote a prolonged EPOC are unlikely to be tolerated by non-athletic individuals. The role of exercise in the maintenance of body mass is therefore predominantly mediated via the cumulative effect of the energy expenditure during the actual exercise.     

Effects of rest interval during high-repetition resistance training on strength,aerobic fitness,and repeated-sprint ability

Abstract

The effect of altering the rest period on adaptations to high-repetition resistance training is not well known. Eighteen active females were matched according to leg strength and repeated-sprint ability and randomly allocated to one of two groups. One group performed resistance training with 20-s rest intervals between sets, while the other group employed 80-s rest intervals between sets. Both groups performed the same total training volume and load. Each group trained 3 days a week for 5 weeks [15- to 20-repetition maximum (RM), 2 – 5 sets]. Repeated-sprint ability (5×6-s maximal cycle sprints), 3-RM leg press strength, and anthropometry were determined before and after each training programme. There was a greater improvement in repeated-sprint ability after training with 20-s rest intervals (12.5%) than after training with 80-s rest intervals (5.4%) (P = 0.030). In contrast, there were greater improvements in strength after training with 80-s rest intervals (45.9%) than after training with 20-s rest intervals (19.6%) (P = 0.010). There were no changes in anthropometry for either group following training. These results suggest that when training volume and load are matched, despite a smaller increase in strength, 5 weeks of training with short rest periods results in greater improvements in repeated-sprint ability than the same training with long rest periods.     

Physiological implications of preparing for a natural male bodybuilding competition

This study aimed to describe the body composition and physiological changes which take place during the in-season and recovery periods of a group of natural bodybuilders. Natural male bodybuilders (n?=?9) were assessed 16 (PRE16), 8 (PRE8), and 1 (PRE1) week(s) before, and 4 (POST4) weeks after a bodybuilding competition. Assessments included body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), serum hormones, and 7-day weighed food and training diaries. Change in parameters was assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Dietary protein intake remained high throughout the study period (2.8–3.1?g?kg^?1?d^?1). Fat mass (FM) was significantly reduced from PRE16 to PRE1 (8.8?±?3.1 vs. 5.3?±?2.4?kg, P?.01). There was a small decrease in lean mass (LM) from PRE8 to PRE1 (71.8?±?9.1 vs. 70.9?±?9.1?kg, P?P?>?.05). Large reductions in total and free testosterone (16.4?±?4.4 vs. 10.1?±?3.6?nmol?L^?1, P?. 116.8?±?76.9?pmol?L^?1, P?. 19.9?±?7.6?nmol?L^?1, P?. 72.5?±?8.5?kg, P?. 25.4?±?9.3?nmol?L^?1, P?相似文献   

运动、BDNF与能量代谢平衡的研究进展

脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)是神经营养因子(NTF)家族的一员。BDNF主要在中枢神经系统内表达,主要分布在海马、杏仁核和皮质,在外周系统心脏、脂肪和骨骼肌也有表达。酪氨酸激酶受体B(tyrosine kinase receptor B,Trk B)是BDNF的特异性高亲和力受体,BDNF可通过与Trk B结合,激发各种信号传导通路而发挥其特殊的生物学功能。脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及其受体酪氨酸激酶受体B(Trk B)基因突变或功能缺失均会导致机体能量代谢失衡。BDNF可通过调节神经元的生存、生长并维持其功能在学习和记忆中发挥着重要的作用,BDNF可通过中枢和/或外周的机制调节机体的能量代谢。BDNF是运动预防和治疗人体代谢紊乱的重要因子。运动可以改变中枢神经系统、外周组织细胞内,以及血液BDNF水平。     

体力活动与青少年健康

通过分析大量的观察和实验研究结果,本文综述了体力活动对儿童青少年身体健康的影响。结果表明：儿童青少年的体力活动水平越高．其心肺功能、代谢功能、肌肉力量、骨骼以及心理等方面的健康水平也越高．但具体的运动类型、运动强度和持续时间等因素应根据运动目的的不同而异.     

一次性耐力运动对大鼠间脑单胺类神经递质变化及代谢能力的影响

为运动性中枢疲劳的研究提供理论依据,建立持续游泳的动物模型,探讨一次性耐力运动对大鼠间脑单胺类神经递质变化及代谢能力的影响。结果为①3h游泳后即刻,间脑5-HT增加23.15%,至少可通过神经-内分泌调节、体温调节、情绪变化等因素影响机体的运动能力;②一次性耐力运动期间,间脑5-HT合成过程占优势,分解过程变化不明显,而恢复期分解代谢过程占优势;③一次性耐力运动可显著降低间脑DA水平,5-HT与DA比率亦显著性升高(P<0.05),20h恢复期间脑DA浓度增高,5-HT与DA比值降低(-27.51%)。