The Study of Diversities of Marine Microbes in China

The oceans account for 71% of the Earth’s surface and are rich in the most advantageous and characteristic resources of marine microbes. The research on diversity is the key point for exploring and exploiting marine microbial resources. Giving attention to species diversity and genetic diversity of marine microbes, discovering novel metabolites with multiple functions, revealing key secondary metabolic process and the main regulation mechanisms in marine microbes, and developing a new technology of biosynthesis, are the important foundation for discovering innovative drugs and developing functional products with characteristics. The present paper has reviewed the recent advances in the four research areas of marine microbial species diversity, genetic diversity, chemical diversity and metabolic diversity in China.     

Dynamic sitting: Measurement and associations with metabolic health

Dynamic sitting, such as fidgeting and desk work, might be associated with health, but remains difficult to identify out of accelerometry data. We examined, in a laboratory study, whether dynamic sitting can be identified out of triaxial activity counts. Among 18 participants (56% men, 27.3 ± 6.5 years), up to 236 counts per minute were recorded in the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes during dynamic sitting using a hip-worn accelerometer. Subsequently, we examined in 621 participants (38% men, 80.0 ± 4.7 years) from the AGES-Reykjavik Study whether dynamic sitting was associated with cardio-metabolic health. Compared to participants who recorded the fewest dynamic sitting minutes (Q₁), those with more dynamic sitting minutes had a lower BMI (Q₂ = ?1.39 (95%CI = ?2.33;–0.46); Q₃ = ?1.87 (?2.82;–0.92); Q₄ = ?3.38 (?4.32;–2.45)), a smaller waist circumference (Q₂ = ?2.95 (?5.44;–0.46); Q₃ = ?3.47 (?6.01;–0.93); Q₄ = ?8.21 (?10.72;–5.71)), and a lower odds for the metabolic syndrome (Q₂ = 0.74 [0.45;1.20] Q₃ = 0.58 [0.36;0.95]; Q₄ = 0.36 [0.22;0.59]). Our findings suggest that dynamic sitting might be identified using accelerometry and that this behaviour was associated with health. This might be important given the large amounts of time people spend sitting. Future studies with a focus on validation, causation and physiological pathways are needed to further examine the possible relevance of dynamic sitting.     

IDEEA估算日常行为能耗:以能量代谢舱进行验证

目的探讨智能化可穿戴式能耗分析仪(IDEEA)在南京市成年人夜间行为能耗测定中的准确度。方法共选取受试者120人,佩戴IDEEA进入能量代谢舱进行11h的能耗测试,在此期间完成特定的活动。结果能耗结果进行配对样本T检验,结果显示MC(能量代谢舱)与IDEEA所测得的能耗结果存在显著性差异,但是绝对误差在5%左右。结论 IDEEA测量能耗误差率在可以接受的范围内,它提供了一个估算能耗的替代方法。所提供即时和累积的能耗数据可以用来估测一段时间范围内的人体活动能耗。     

排球运动员的代谢特征与运动性疲劳的消除

通过文献资料法、观察法等对排球运动员的代谢供能特征进行探讨，分析排球运动员的运动性疲劳，并找出消除运动性疲劳的措施.旨在为排球教练员指导运动员训练、掌握运动员疲劳及疲劳的恢复状况、提高运动成绩提供参考。     

常见便携式遥测气体代谢仪核心测量指标的信度和效度分析

现代社会生活方式的改变,给人类健康带来极大的威胁。通过增加日常体力活动量（约占总能量消耗量的20%）,可以有效减少和控制慢性非传染性疾病的发生和发展,减轻社会医疗负担。便携式遥测气体代谢仪可测量自由状态下的体力活动量,因而被广泛应用于智能手机、可穿戴和虚拟现实设备的开发和应用,以及竞技体育科研等健康促进领域的研究,目前对便携式遥测气体代谢仪准确的使用范围知之不深。本文对常见的几种便携式遥测气体代谢仪（包括：Cosmed K4b2、Metamax 3B/VmaxST、Oxycon Mobile、VO2000）在不同环境、不同条件下测量的信度和效度及其核心指标VO2、VCO2和VE进行分析,以期为相关的研究和应用提供参考。     

耐力训练与少量限制饮食减体重效果的比较研究

目的:研究耐力训练及轻度限制饮食过程中大鼠体重、体成分及静息代谢率的变化,比较耐力训练及轻度限制饮食减体重的效果。方法:将经过适应性训练筛选出的30只SD大鼠平均分为3组,随机分为安静组、限食组及耐力训练组。训练组大鼠采用水平动物跑台进行耐力训练6周。限食组大鼠饮食量控制为安静组大鼠的90%。试验期间每周称量大鼠体重,试验前、试验1周、3周、5周末测定大鼠静息代谢率,试验后处死大鼠并剥离其肾周、腹股沟脂肪及腓肠肌,称量其重量。结果:6周限制饮食及耐力训练后大鼠体重增幅较安静组大鼠均显著减少,且耐力训练组大鼠体重增幅显著低于限制饮食组。6周试验后,训练组大鼠肾周及腹股沟脂肪含量以及两部位脂肪总含量较安静组大鼠均显著下降,而限食组与安静组大鼠间则无显著差异。试验后各组大鼠腓肠肌占体重百分比间无显著性差异。试验后各组大鼠静息代谢率均发生显著下降,但3组大鼠间无显著性差异。结论:耐力训练使大鼠体重增幅显著减少,体成分有良好改变,瘦体重及静息代谢率得以保持,减体重效果良好;从减体重幅度、对体成分的影响角度看,轻度限制饮食减体重效果不及耐力训练。     

人体体重调节与肥胖

人体体重的调节机制包括基因、生理和行为因素。体重的体成分的稳定需要能量摄入与能量消耗相匹配并且应保证营养平衡,肥胖通常伴随高能量消耗率。近来,在啮齿动物体内发现了一个由3个环节构成的能量平衡反馈调节机制。除极少数特例之外,大多数肥胖者血浆中的瘦素水平较高,并与脂肪组织的大小有关。然而,在肥胖者体内并没有观察到预想的调节反应(能量摄入的减少和能量消耗的增加)。因此,肥胖者对内源性的瘦素产生抵抗。人们对是否瘦素信号传导中出现的缺陷会在肥胖的发展中起作用产生极大兴趣,但需进一步研究。目前的资料表明,基因与环境会影响人类倾向于肥胖的摄食行为,高脂肪高能量的饮食会通过刺激相对于需要来说过多的能量摄入而损害体重调节机制。本文将从以上几方面进行综述。     

肥胖与脂代谢紊乱及运动对其的影响

肥胖正成为危害全人类健康的重要问题,肥胖者,特别是腹部肥胖者,常伴有脂代谢紊乱和心血管疾病（ＣＶＤ）的发生和发展。肥胖者脂代谢紊乱的特点是：血浆甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）和载脂蛋白Ｂ（Ａｐｏ－Ｂ）浓度升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）和载脂蛋白Ａ（Ａｐｏ－Ａ）降低,脂蛋白的组成向致动脉粥样硬化（ＡＳ）的方向改变。长期有规律的有氧耐力运动可以改善肥胖者的异常脂蛋白代谢,与饮食治疗相结合可以防止减重引起的瘦组织丢失、提高机体有氧工作能力、降低ＣＶＤ的危险性     

Determinants of “optimal” cadence during cycling

Abstract

Cadence is one of the only variables cyclists can adjust to manage their performance and fatigue during an event. Not surprisingly, cadence has received a great deal of attention from the scientific community in an effort to identify the cadence that optimizes power output while minimizing the fatigue that is incurred. The literature appears to present conflicting results with little consensus as regards the optimal pedalling cadence. This is in large part due to the inconsistent definition of the term “optimal” cadence, which has been used to describe energetic cost, muscular stress, and perception of effort. The issue is further confounded by the workload-dependent nature of the “optimal” cadence – that is, at higher power outputs, the optimized cadence is different from that at lower power outputs. Although the optimal cadence is different for energetic, muscular, and perceptual definitions, the curves that describe the effect of changes in cadence on these variables consistently exhibit a J-shaped response. This suggests that there is an underlying principle that is common to each of the definitions. Indeed, it would appear that the response of both the cardio-respiratory system (energetic cost) and the muscular system (muscular stress) is determined by the types of muscle motor units that are recruited during the exercise. Furthermore, although part of the response may be due to the inherent differences in the characteristics between the different motor units, the absolute contraction velocity relative to fibre type optimum may be of greater significance. Even when the power output is increased, the shape of the response curves to changes in cadence remains constant, although the nadir of the curve does shift to the right for increasing power outputs. We propose that the point at which the energetic vs. power and the muscular stress vs. power curves intercept is defined by the cadence at which the perceived effort is minimized (i.e. the preferred cadence). However, cadence fluctuations occur under field conditions that are unrelated to physiological factors and, therefore, the ability to identify an “optimal” cadence is limited to the laboratory environment and specific field conditions.     

Physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in different racing classes to prolonged exercise

The aims of this study were to examine and compare selected physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in two paraplegic racing classes [T3: n?=?8 (lesion levels T1–T7; paraplegics); T4: n?=?9 (lesion levels below T7; paraplegics)] to prolonged exercise. In addition, we describe the responses of three tetraplegic athletes [T2: n?=?3 (lesion levels C6/C7: tetraplegics)]. Twenty athletes completed 90?min of exercise at 75% [Vdot]O_2peak on a motorized treadmill adapted for wheelchairs. The mean (±s) heart rates of the T3 and T4 racing classes were 165±2 and 172±6 beats?·?min^?1, respectively. For the T4 racing class, heart rate gradually increased during the test (P?<0.05), whereas for the T3 racing class, heart rate reached a plateau after an initial increase. The mean heart rate of the tetraplegics was 114±3 beats?·?min^?1. The T3 and T4 classes exhibited similar respiratory exchange ratios, plasma lactate and glucose concentrations throughout the test. For both the T3 and T4 racing class, free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, urea and potassium concentrations had increased from resting values by the end of the test (P?<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that endurance-trained wheelchair athletes are able to maintain velocities equivalent to the same relative exercise intensity (75% [Vdot]O_2peak) for prolonged periods irrespective of lesion level.