体力活动与青少年心血管代谢健康风险的“剂量—效应”关系研究进展

体力活动与健康的研究是制定预防疾病、增进健康的体育活动量的重要依据,目前有关儿童青少年体力活动与青少年心血管代谢健康风险之间"剂量—效应"关系的研究已经成为当今体育科研的很重要课题之一。通过文献综述法,对儿童青少年体力活动与肥胖、高血压、血脂异常、代谢综合征等心血管代谢健康风险之间"剂量—效应"关系进行了研究,结果发现儿童青少年体力活动量、体力活动强度、体力活动频率与肥胖、高血压、血脂异常、代谢综合征等心血管代谢健康风险之间存在"剂量-效应"关系,但研究证据还存在着许多不足。     

Relationship of “weekend warrior” and regular physical activity patterns with metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases among Chinese rural adults

Little is known about the “weekend warrior” pattern of physical activity (PA) where people perform all their PA in 1 or 2 sessions per week. We investigated the relationship of weekend warrior and other PA patterns with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its associated diseases. Data on sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected from the Nantong Metabolic Syndrome Study that included 13,505 women and 6,997 men between 2007 and 2008. Compared with inactive participants, weekend warriors were at lower risk of MS, diabetes, and hypertension; respective odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for men and women were 0.58 (0.43–0.79) and 0.67 (0.52–0.86), 0.52 (0.34–0.79) and 0.52 (0.33–0.83), and 0.79 (0.63–0.99) and 0.71 (0.57–0.89). Similar results were observed with regular activity, at a frequency of >3 sessions per week. Both weekend warrior and regular PA patterns showed a 10–60% decrease in abnormal triglycerides, glucose, and blood pressure in both sexes; abnormal waist circumference in men only; and abnormal high-density lipoprotein in women only. Our observed cross-sectional relationships reflect that >150 min/week of moderate PA or 75 min/week vigorous-intensity PA is needed to prevent MS and its component diseases, even if in a short-bout, intermittent PA pattern.

Abbreviations: MS: Metabolic syndrome; WC: Waist circumference; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP: Blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; PA: Physical activity; JIS: Joint Interim Statement; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; ATP III: US Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program, the Adult Treatment Panel; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; BMI: Body mass index; CDC: the Nantong Centers for Disease Control; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range.     

阿维菌素生物合成及其代谢途径研究进展

阿维菌素(avermectin)是由阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)产生的一种具有杀虫活性的大环内酯类抗生素,在农业和畜牧业中应用广泛。本文综述了有关阿维菌素生物合成以及阿维菌素育种和代谢工程方面的最新研究进展。     

Association between 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in Bosnian population

Introduction:

The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of the hormonally inactive cortisone to active cortisol, thus facilitating glucocorticoid receptor activation in target tissues. Increased expression of 11β-HSD1 in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the association of two 11β-HSD1 gene (HSD11B1) polymorphisms with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its characteristics in the Bosnian population.

Materials and methods:

The study included 86 participants: 43 patients diagnosed with MetS and 43 healthy controls. Subjects were genotyped for two HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms: rs846910: G>A and rs45487298: insA, by the high resolution melting curve analysis. Genotype distribution and an influence of genotypes on clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the mutated allele frequencies for the two HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms between MetS patients and controls. In MetS patients, no significant associations between disease-associated traits and rs45487298: insA were found. Regarding rs846910: G>A variant, heterozygous patients (G/A) had significantly lower systolic (P = 0.017) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.015), lower HOMA-IR index (P = 0.011) and higher LDL-cholesterol levels (P = 0.049), compared to the wild-type homozygotes. In the control group, rs45487298: insA polymorphism was associated with lower fasting plasma insulin levels (P = 0.041), lower homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (P = 0.041) and lower diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.048). Significant differences between rs846910: G>A genotypes in controls were not detected. Haplotype analysis confirmed the association of rs45487298: insA with markers of insulin resistance in the control subjects.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that a common rs45487298: insA polymorphism in HSD11B1 gene may have a protective effect against insulin resistance.     

运动干预对成人代谢综合征患者心血管危险因素影响的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析,评价运动对成人代谢综合征患者心血管危险因素的影响效果。方法:检索PubMed、EMBASE、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方、中国生物医学等数据库,严格按照纳入与排除标准选取文献,提取数据,进行质量评价,在Review Manager5.3软件上进行统计分析。结果:纳入文献共计10篇,包含15个RCT,合计476名患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,有氧运动能够显著改善代谢综合征患者的腰围MD=-2.07(-3.24,-0.90)(P=0.005)、空腹血糖MD=-0.14(-0.26,-0.03)(P=0.02)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇MD=2.03(0.12,3.94)(P=0.04)、甘油三酯MD=-17.60(-34.76,-0.44)(P=0.04)、总胆固醇MD=-9.38(-16.25,-2.51)(P=0.007)、收缩压MD=-7.18(-10.81,-3.55)(P=0.0001)、舒张压MD=-2.93(-4.48,-1.37)(P=0.0002)以及峰值耗氧量MD=2.44(0.91,3.98)(P=0.0002);而抗阻训练或抗阻结合低强度有氧运动仅对代谢综合征患者的收缩压MD=-8.81(-14.98,-2.63)(P=0.005)、体脂量MD=-3.06(-4.70,-1.42)(P=0.0002)有显著影响。有氧运动和抗阻训练或抗阻训练结合低强度有氧运动均未对体重及身体质量指数有显著作用。结论:有氧运动是成人代谢综合征患者改善其心血管危险因素的最佳运动模式,对腰围、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、收缩压、舒张压以及峰值耗氧量的改善均有显著优势,能有效降低心血管疾病的发病风险;而抗阻训练或抗阻训练结合低强度有氧运动只降低了收缩压和体脂量。     

Research on the Dynamics of the Hormonal Status of Athletes in a Series of Vibration and Traditional Training Exercises

The article presents the most important results of metabolic (hormonal) study of dosed vibration training (DVT).The author presents vibrating training as an alternative to anabolic steroids on the basis of a comparison of the effectiveness of two types of stimulants - forbidden (doping) and non-medicinal non-invasive, relating to permitted physical means.The study shows that the level of androgens (testosterone),corticosteroids (cortisol), thyroid hormones (thyroxine,triiodothyronine),hormones of adenohypophysis (prolactin) increased under the effect of dosed vibration training.At the same time the level of hormones have no changes under traditional strength training with the use of a synthetic anabolic steroid (retabolil).For the duration of a limited period of time (1 microcycles) dosed vibrotraining causes a more powerful secretion of testosterone than the traditional strength training with the use of anabolic steroids. In this case,the overall time spent on the performance of the DVT training program comprises not more than 15% of the time spent on the traditional training exercises.     

抗运动性贫血剂对运动员和大鼠红细胞代谢酶的影响

目的：探讨运动性贫血时运动员和大鼠红细胞代谢酶的变化，并通过抗运动性贫血荆的营养干预观察对红细胞代谢酶的影响，以探讨运动性贫血的发生机制及防治方法。方法：观察大鼠和运动员的醛缩酶（AD）、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G-6-PD）、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的变化来探讨红细胞代谢酶的变化。结果；运动性贫血时大鼠和运动员的红细胞醛缩酶（AD）、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G-6-PD）、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性较对照组明显下降，抗运动性贫血剂使用后能不同程度地增加6一磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G-6-PD）、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的活性，但对醛缩酶（AD）活性的改善作用不明显。结论：大鼠以及运动性贫血运动员红细胞Na^＋-K^＋-ATPP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性均降低，红细胞内离子平衡失调，从而影响红细胞膜的渗透性。使用抗运动性贫血剂能改善红细胞膜的渗透性和变形性，对磷酸旁路代谢途径有明显的改善作用，但红细胞糖酵解能力则变化不明显。     

Role of pump prime in the etiology of cardio-pulmonary bypass associated acidosis

The development of metabolic acidosis during cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) is a well recognized but poorly explained phenomenon. It has been hypothesized that it is purely a development after the delivery of pump prime. A retrospective study was conducted at our hospital on 68 patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Sampling of arterial blood was performed at three time intervals: (T₁) Baseline, prior to induction; (T₂) 5 minutes after initiation of CPB and prior to administration of cardioplegia solution; (T3) during rewarming prior to weaning the patient off CPB. Measurements of Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, pH, pCO₂, HCO₃ ⁻, Base excess, Anion gap, Strong ion difference at each collection point were performed. Results were analyzed in a quantitative manner. On delivery of pump prime, all patients' developed metabolic acidosis. However, it is very important to distinguish the metabolic acidosis as their management varies. Anion gap has been found to be useful in managing peri-operative metabolic acidosis.     

The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on acid-base status and performance during race-paced middle-distance swimming

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-induced inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) on race-paced swimming and acid-base status. Twenty-one collegiate swimmers performed two discontinuous 400-m race-paced swims on separate days, with (IMF trial) and without (control trial) pre-induced IMF. Swimming characteristics, inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, and blood parameters were recorded. IMF and expiratory muscle fatigue (P < 0.05) were evident after both trials and swimming time was slower (P < 0.05) from 150-m following IMF inducement. Pre-induced IMF increased pH before the swim (P < 0.01) and reduced bicarbonate (P < 0.05) and the pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) (P < 0.05). pH (P < 0.05), bicarbonate (P < 0.01) and PCO₂ (P < 0.05) were lower during swimming in the IMF trial. Blood lactate was similar before both trials (P > 0.05) but was higher (P < 0.01) in the IMF trial after swimming. Pre-induced IMF induced respiratory alkalosis, reduced bicarbonate buffering capacity and slowed swimming speed. Pre-induced and propulsion-induced IMF reflected metabolic acidosis arising from dual role breathing and propulsion muscle fatigue.     

Maple syrup urine disease: An uncommon cause for neonatal metabolic distress

Maple Syrup Urine Disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in the activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. This rare disorder represents one of the causes of acute neonatal illness which results in devastating disturbances of neurological development. On investigation of 1750 infants with neurological impairment for inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, 4 neonates with classical maple syrup urine disease were detected. These otherwise normal neonates presented in the first week after birth with seizures, lethargy and refusal of feeds, hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis. The plasma and urine concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids were increased and there was ketoaciduria. Two of these neonates expired before specific treatment could be instituted. Routine biochemical screening of neonates with acute illness could unearth many cases of this rare inherited metabolic disease.