体力活动与青少年健康

通过分析大量的观察和实验研究结果,本文综述了体力活动对儿童青少年身体健康的影响。结果表明：儿童青少年的体力活动水平越高．其心肺功能、代谢功能、肌肉力量、骨骼以及心理等方面的健康水平也越高．但具体的运动类型、运动强度和持续时间等因素应根据运动目的的不同而异.     

一次性耐力运动对大鼠间脑单胺类神经递质变化及代谢能力的影响

为运动性中枢疲劳的研究提供理论依据,建立持续游泳的动物模型,探讨一次性耐力运动对大鼠间脑单胺类神经递质变化及代谢能力的影响。结果为①3h游泳后即刻,间脑5-HT增加23.15%,至少可通过神经-内分泌调节、体温调节、情绪变化等因素影响机体的运动能力;②一次性耐力运动期间,间脑5-HT合成过程占优势,分解过程变化不明显,而恢复期分解代谢过程占优势;③一次性耐力运动可显著降低间脑DA水平,5-HT与DA比率亦显著性升高(P<0.05),20h恢复期间脑DA浓度增高,5-HT与DA比值降低(-27.51%)。     

人体体重调节与肥胖

人体体重的调节机制包括基因、生理和行为因素。体重的体成分的稳定需要能量摄入与能量消耗相匹配并且应保证营养平衡,肥胖通常伴随高能量消耗率。近来,在啮齿动物体内发现了一个由3个环节构成的能量平衡反馈调节机制。除极少数特例之外,大多数肥胖者血浆中的瘦素水平较高,并与脂肪组织的大小有关。然而,在肥胖者体内并没有观察到预想的调节反应(能量摄入的减少和能量消耗的增加)。因此,肥胖者对内源性的瘦素产生抵抗。人们对是否瘦素信号传导中出现的缺陷会在肥胖的发展中起作用产生极大兴趣,但需进一步研究。目前的资料表明,基因与环境会影响人类倾向于肥胖的摄食行为,高脂肪高能量的饮食会通过刺激相对于需要来说过多的能量摄入而损害体重调节机制。本文将从以上几方面进行综述。     

Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) on 4 km cycling time trial (TT) performance when individualised to a predetermined time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO₃^?). Eleven male trained cyclists volunteered for this study (height 1.82 ± 0.80 m, body mass (BM) 86.4 ± 12.9 kg, age 32 ± 9 years, peak power output (PPO) 382 ± 22 W). Two trials were initially conducted to identify time to peak HCO₃^? following both 0.2 g^.kg^?1 BM (SBC2) and 0.3 g^.kg^?1 BM (SBC3) NaHCO₃. Thereafter, on three separate occasions using a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, participants completed a 4 km TT following ingestion of either SBC2, SBC3, or a taste-matched placebo (PLA) containing 0.07 g^.kg^?1 BM sodium chloride (NaCl) at the predetermined individual time to peak HCO₃^?. Both SBC2 (?8.3 ± 3.5 s; p < 0.001, d = 0.64) and SBC3 (?8.6 ± 5.4 s; p = 0.003, d = 0.66) reduced the time to complete the 4 km TT, with no difference between SBC conditions (mean difference = 0.2 ± 0.2 s; p = 0.87, d = 0.02). These findings suggest trained cyclists may benefit from individualising NaHCO₃ ingestion to time to peak HCO₃^? to enhance 4 km TT performance.     

Running for your life: A review of physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk reduction in individuals with schizophrenia

Individuals with schizophrenia have a greater risk for cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g. central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia), cardiovascular diseases and mortality. This risky profile may be explained by the adverse effects of antipsychotic medications and an unhealthy lifestyle (e.g. smoking, poor nutrition and low physical activity). In the general population, physical activity has been shown to be the optimal strategy to improve both cardiometabolic parameters and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Accordingly, an emerging literature of non-pharmacological interventions (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy, diet and physical activity) has been studied in individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, the purpose of this review was 1) to conduct a critical literature review of non-pharmacological interventions that included some kind of physical activity (including supervised and unsupervised exercise training) and target cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with schizophrenia. 2) To describe the contribution of physical activity alone by reviewing trials of supervised exercise training programmes only. A literature review via systematic keyword search for publications in Medline, PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO was performed. Many non-pharmacological interventions are efficient in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors when combined with physical activity. Supervised physical activity has been successful in decreasing cardiovascular disease risk, and aerobic interval training appears to provide more benefits by specifically targeting cardiorespiratory fitness levels. In conclusion, physical activity is an effective strategy for addressing cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with schizophrenia. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility and impact of exercise training programmes in individuals with schizophrenia.     

灰色新陈代谢GM（1,1）模型在农村居民人均纯收入预测中的应用

研究了基于灰色系统理论的农村居民人均纯收入的预测方法.建立不同维的常规GM（1,1）模型群,根据不同维预测模型的模拟相对误差,优选出基础GM（1,1）模型并建立灰色新陈代谢GM（1,1）模型对陕西省农村居民人均纯收入进行了预测.该方法能够有效融合新信息,弥补常规GM（1,1）模型的不足,实例计算表明该模型预测结果比较准确.     

长期有氧运动对慢性心力衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢的调节

为探讨长期有氧运动对慢性心力衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢的调节及可能机制.将结扎大鼠冠状动脉建立心梗后心衰模型,休息4周后随机分为假手术安静组(Sham)、心梗安静组(MI-Sed)和心梗运动组(MI-Ex),MI-Ex组进行为期8周的跑台运动,Sham组和MI-Sed组保持安静状态.实验结束后,左心室导管法测定血流动力学参数,包括左心室收缩期压力(LVSP)、左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)、左心室压力最大上升速率(+(dp/dt)max)和左室压力最大下降速率((-dp/dt)max);Masson 染色进行心脏组织病理学观察;比色法测定心肌糖原、脂肪酸(FA)和乳酸含量;实时荧光定量PCR检测心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)mRNA水平;Western blot法检测心肌AMPK、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)和过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ共激活因子-lα(PGC-1α)表达水平.结果得到,与Sham组比较,MI-Sed组LVSP、±(dp/dt)max都非常显著性下降(P<0.01),LVEDP则都非常显著性升高(P<0.01);心肌糖原含量降低(P<0.01)、FA与乳酸含量升高(均为P<0.01);心肌PPARα和CPT-1 mRNA降低(P<0.01),磷酸化AMPKα(p-AMPKα)蛋白水平升高(P<0.05)、GLUT4和PGC-1α蛋白下降(P<0.01).与MI-Sed组比较,MI-Ex组LVSP、±(dp/dt)max都非常显著性升高(P<0.01),LVEDP则非常显著性下降(P<0.01);心肌糖原含量升高(P<0.05),FA 和乳酸含量下降(P<0.01);心肌 PPARα和 CPT-1 mRNA 以及p-AMPKα、GLUT4和PGC-1α蛋白水平均非常显著性升高(P<0.01).结果表明,长期有氧运动通过激活AMPK及其下游信号通路改善了HF心脏的代谢性重塑并提高心功能.     

排球运动员的代谢特征与运动性疲劳的消除

通过文献资料法、观察法等对排球运动员的代谢供能特征进行探讨，分析排球运动员的运动性疲劳，并找出消除运动性疲劳的措施.旨在为排球教练员指导运动员训练、掌握运动员疲劳及疲劳的恢复状况、提高运动成绩提供参考。     

不同项目优秀男子短跑运动员无氧代谢能力特征研究

以26名优秀男子短跑运动员为研究对象,采用MONARK 894E无氧功率自行车分别进行10s、30s、60s无氧功率测试,并对运动后血乳酸浓度和安静状态、运动中、运动后心率进行测定分析。旨在研究100m、200m、400m优秀男子短跑运动员的磷酸原、糖酵解和混合无氧供能能力的特征。为合理制定发展专项无氧代谢能力的训练计划、科学进行运动监控提供服务。研究结果显示：100m、200m、400m运动员的无氧代谢能力具有显著的项目特征;100m运动员的磷酸原代谢能力最强,200m和400m运动员次之;400m运动员的糖酵乳酸能供能能力强于200m运动员,200m运动员强于100m运动员;100m、200m、400m运动员各自在接近于自己项目所需时间的10s、30s、60s无氧功率测试中均表现出显著的专项特点。