外资在华制药企业技术战略分析

生物制药行业是21世纪的前瞻性行业,也是外资大力争夺创新资源的行业。本文基于1985—2005年的专利数据,主要从创新范围和创新规模两方面分析了制药行业外资技术竞争以及创新活动的特点。本文原创性地运用聚类的统计方法,定义了规模-范围矩阵(简称为双 S 矩阵),对外资技术策略的特点进行分类,进而识别各类外资的角色。本文的研究结论为行业相关政策以及企业战略的制定提供参考。     

科研管理中瓶颈问题分析

瓶颈问题可通过改变颈口面积和颈口秩序来解决。本文首先建立了颈口面积模型和颈口秩序模型，并用案例说明了其运用方法。该瓶颈模型还可用在经济分析、生产管理等许多问题的分析上。     

二语习得词汇研究对高职高专英语词汇研究的启示

词汇习得是二语学习的一个重要组成部分。国内外研究者对二语词汇习得开展了广泛和深入的研究,取得了丰硕的成果。高职高专二语习得词汇研究虽然起步较晚,但是可以借鉴国内外研究的成功经验。同时依据自身特点,开展对目标词汇量、现有词汇量和词汇学习策略的深入研究,为高职高专学生词汇习得研究奠定基础。     

On Sample-Size Calculations for Precise Contrast Analysis in ANCOVA

The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a useful statistical procedure that incorporates covariate features into the adjustment of treatment effects. The consequences of omitted prognostic covariates on the statistical inferences of ANCOVA are well documented in the literature. However, the corresponding influence on sample-size calculations for precise interval estimation has not been fully evaluated. This article aims to explicate the deficiency of approximate methods for ignoring the stochastic nature of covariate variables and to present exact approaches for precise interval estimation of treatment contrasts under the assumption that the covariate variables have a joint multinormal distribution. The desired precision of a confidence interval is assessed with respect to the control of expected half-width and to the assurance probability of interval half-width within a designated value. Numerical appraisals show that the suggested approaches outperform the approximate formulas for the two precision considerations.     

Social commerce adoption using TOE framework: An empirical investigation of Saudi Arabian SMEs

Social commerce is becoming an important hub for product sourcing, which helps companies to connect with customers and to gain competitive advantages. However, very little empirical research that focuses on small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been conducted to date. This study examines factors that affect social commerce adoption by SMEs. Using the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) as the theoretical framework, the researchers tested the model and related hypotheses, employing structural equation modelling. The results from a survey of 181 SMEs in Saudi Arabia indicate that trading partner pressure in the environmental context, followed by top management support in the organisational context, and perceived usefulness in the technological context, have the most significant influence on behavioural intention to use social commerce. The research contributions and conclusion as well as limitations and future research directions are presented.     

Rapid phenotypic evolution with shallow genomic differentiation during early stages of high elevation adaptation in Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.     

P企业规模、研发强度、资助强度与政府科技资助的绩效关系研究——基于浙江民营科技企业的实证研究/P P /P P/FONT /P

政府科技资助的绩效已经引起国内外学者的极大关注。本文基于文献研究,建立影响企业R&D投入的实证模型,采用浙江省民营科技企业数据,测度了政府科技资助对企业R&D投入的影响。进一步,分别从企业规模、研发强度、资助强度等不同视角研究政府科技资助的激励效应,探索政府科技资助的激励机理,研究发现：政府科技资助对企业滞后一年的R&D投入有显著促进作用;企业规模越大,政府科技资助激励效果越好;政府科技资助强度越大,激励效果越好;企业研发强度影响政府科技资助激励企业R&D投入。     

美国小班教学综述

小班教学是美国教育改革中一项重要的课题，一些研究人员对这一课题进行了卓有成效的研究，许多州开展了小班教学实验或者推行与此相关的计划。美国小班教学的理论研究与实践表明：实施小班教学能够使教师给予每一个学生更多的关注时间，从而提高他们的学习成绩。     

上肢康复机器人主动康复训练控制策略

近年来,脑卒中和交通事故造成上肢损伤的人数逐年上升,医疗领域对康复器械的需求越来越大。为满足实际需求,开发以气动人工肌肉为驱动器的4自由度（肩关节外收/内展（被动）、前驱/后伸、肘关节屈曲、腕关节屈曲）可穿戴上肢康复机器人。首先设计上肢康复机器人的结构,并采用气动人工肌肉作为肘关节与腕关节的驱动器。然后针对该上肢康复机器人,研究主动康复训练控制策略,设计两种控制策略。通过穿戴实验验证控制策略的有效性和实际应用价值。