Social contexts of development in natural outdoor environments: children’s motor activities,personal challenges and peer interactions at the river and the creek

This study examined the influence of spending time outdoors on young children’s physical and socioemotional development. We observed preschoolers’ activities in two naturally provisioned outdoor environments over the course of one year. Eleven preschoolers were videotaped continuously for 16 days at a local river and 9 days at a creek adjacent to the school. In addition to the quantitative analyses of children’s behaviors, a case study of three children’s experiences over the course of the year was conducted. Both the river and the creek settings encouraged a multitude of physical and play behaviors with similar types of affordances, including flat surfaces for running, rocks for climbing and jumping off, and water for exploration and play, but the wilder environment (river) afforded more risk and personal challenges. Observations of children’s motor activities, play and responses to challenging environmental features supported the importance of accumulated experience and social context for the development of confidence in the face of risk, individual exploration and positive social support and engagement with peers.     

Outdoor experiences and sustainability

Positive outdoor teaching and learning experiences and sound pedagogical approaches undoubtedly have contributed towards an understanding of environmental sustainability but it is not always clear how, and to what extent, education can translate into action. This article argues, with reference to social learning theory, that role modelling, mentoring and sustainable practice, by outdoor educators and using outdoor experiences, can contribute to pro-environmental action by offering an array of possibilities to engender pro-environmental behaviour. Pro-environmental behaviour is situated on the spectrum towards the realisation of a sustainable ‘lifestyle’, which implies a stronger and more committed intent, but might constitute too radical a shift with implied structural change. Using Cooper’s theoretical framework of ‘awareness, empowerment and commitment’, the place of role modelling through long-term mentoring in real, lived, outdoor environments that embrace pro-environmental behaviour is illustrated but further empirical research is required to substantiate the evidence base.     

A Murray Cod assemblage: Re/considering riverScape pedagogy

ABSTRACT

This article enacts Deleuze and Guattari's (1987 Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia (B. Massumi, Trans.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published in 1980) [Google Scholar]) concept assemblage to craft a riverScape pedagogy that is informed by, and responsive to, the Murray Cod, the river, and its circumstances. The Murray Cod, the largest fish species in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, has diverse cultural meanings. Cod are at once a creation being of Indigenous people, a migratory predator that breeds in response to warm floodwaters, and a fish suffering significant ecological decline as a result of changes to land and water use in its habitat. Murray Cod assemblage weaves these elements together to re/create a bioegalitarian pedagogy, part thought experiment and part teaching strategy.     

中国古人对文学的几种基本态度

“五四”以前，中国人所持有的学观主要有三种，即：以为用、以为哭和以为戏，它们不仅在两千多年的历史上始终起到重要的作用，而且至今依然发生影响。在上世纪50—70年代，我们对“以为用”评价偏高，对“以为戏”则多有贬责。其实。这三种学观各有其积极和消极的方面，应该以历史的、科学的眼光给以冷静的分析。     

创设最佳问题情境 培养学生创新能力

从问题安排的艺术性，设问的原则性，以及学生提问和教师解决问题的关键四个方面论述了在数学教学中如何创设最佳问题情境，培养学生的创新能力．     

物理教学中的美育

文章提出了物理教学中美育的任务，论述了进行美育教育的三个方面，第一，物理科学蕴含着深刻的美的本质；第二，物理中美的本质被物理学家人化为有功利性的外在审美形式；第三，物理教师在再现这些基本外在形式时，进行人化审美再创造。     

Japanese Laws and Policies Concerning Persons with Disabilities: To Develop a Normalized Society through Recreation

In the 1960s, since the Tokyo Paralympics and the National Sports Games for the Disabled were held, public awareness was heightened towards the issue of disability. In 1970, a law which was to ensure that persons with disabilities could participate in recreational, sports and cultural activities was passed. The Japanese government has implemented and enacted various policy measures and laws regarding the disability issue. According to the government, the quality of life of persons with disabilities should be improved, and society should be integrated according to the principle of normalization. Based on this concept, inclusive recreational programs have been introduced. However, it seems that only competitive segregated sports activities have been highlighted: appreciation of the principle of normalization is important, but the principle has been misunderstood. To develop a successfully socially integrated society, a specific plan with numerical targets adopting the principle of normalization is crucial.     

番红花在青岛崂山地区露地栽培技术

分述番红花的生物学特性、栽培与管理、繁殖方法、病虫害防治、球茎收获与贮藏，为在青岛崂山地区推广番红花露地栽培技术，满足各地医药部门需求提供科学依据。     

体育娱乐的分类方法与具体形式(待续)

采用感性和形式相结合的分类方法．分析了体育娱乐产生的条件．提出了体育娱乐 的６种具体形式：超过对象的项目有操作性运动中的探险与冒险类活动、体能类活动、技能类活动;超越自我的项目有气功、瑜伽和有氧运动。