转换生成和认知语法视角下的被动句对比探讨

生成语法是20世纪50年代末乔姆斯基创立的现代语言学流派,其标志是乔姆斯基于1957年发表的《句法结构》（Syntactic Structures）,乔姆斯基创造性地提出了“语言习得天赋”假说,并运用该理论去描写和解释语言;而认知语言学是在反对以生成语法为首的主流语言学的基础上建立起来的,旨在发起一场反乔姆斯基的革命;介绍了转换生成语法和认知语言学产生的背景和哲学基础,重点分析和对比了转换生成语法和认知语法视角下的被动句理论,并对他们作出了客观的评价。     

如何引导技校生由消极向积极心理转变

厌学是技校生中普遍存在的现象,消除学生的消极心理,除了学校、老师和家长的教育外,引入平等竞争意识,培养终身学习的习惯,对于引导学生由消极心理向积极心理转变也是至关重要的。     

浅析中国传统文化中阻碍教育和谐发展的消极因素

教育是文化的一部分,它作为一种人类重要的社会活动、文化活动,必然受一定文化的影响。我国传统文化对我国教育的积极作用是毋庸置疑的,但其在文化类型、价值取向、思维方式等方面所表现出的消极因素也对教育的和谐发展产生了极大的负面影响：伦理文化中森严的等级观念、刚性文化中的过度努力心态、前喻文化中的保守意识制约着教育的和谐发展;重人伦而轻自然、重群体而轻个体、重义而轻利、重道而轻器、重学而轻术的观念阻碍着教育的和谐发展;注重内省而不重外求、重经验的体悟而不重严密的逻辑推理、重对事物的整体把握、辩证综合而不重对实体、部分的认识的思维方式掣肘着教育的和谐发展。     

橹的基本力学分析

在对橹的基本结构、运动及受力情况进行详细分析的基础上,同实际操作进行比较,阐明了橹控制船运行的原理.     

《颜氏家训》被动句类型考察

《颜氏家训》里有大量的被动句,这些被动句有不同的类型。从总体上又可分为两类,一是没有形式标志的被动句,一是有形式标志的被动句。其中,有形式标志被动句中,根据标志形式的不同,这类被动句可分为＂蒙＂字类被动句、＂可＂字类被动句、＂于＂字句、＂见＂字句、＂被＂字句、＂为＂字句等。这些被动句基本体现了古汉语被动句的特征,也基本反映了南北朝时汉语被动句的使用情况。     

Physical characteristics and resistance parameters of typical urban cyclists

This study investigates the rolling and drag resistance parameters and bicycle and cargo masses of typical urban cyclists. These factors are important for modelling of cyclist speed, power and energy expenditure, with applications including exercise performance, health and safety assessments and transportation network analysis. However, representative values for diverse urban travellers have not been established. Resistance parameters were measured utilizing a field coast-down test for 557 intercepted cyclists in Vancouver, Canada. Masses were also measured, along with other bicycle attributes such as tire pressure and size. The average (standard deviation) of coefficient of rolling resistance, effective frontal area, bicycle plus cargo mass, and bicycle-only mass were 0.0077 (0.0036), 0.559 (0.170) m², 18.3 (4.1) kg, and 13.7 (3.3) kg, respectively. The range of measured values is wider and higher than suggested in existing literature, which focusses on sport cyclists. Significant correlations are identified between resistance parameters and rider and bicycle attributes, indicating higher resistance parameters for less sport-oriented cyclists. The findings of this study are important for appropriately characterising the full range of urban cyclists, including commuters and casual riders.     

Contribution of uncertainty in estimation of active drag using assisted towing method in front crawl swimming

Active drag force in swimming can be calculated from a function of five different variables: swim velocity, tow velocity, belt force, power output and exponent of velocity. The accuracy of the drag force value is dependent on the accuracy of each variable, and on the contribution of each variable to drag estimation. To calculate uncertainty in drag value, first the derivatives of the active drag equation with respect to each variable were obtained. Second, these were multiplied by the uncertainty of that variable. Twelve national age and open level swimmers were recruited to complete four free swimming and five active drag trials. The uncertainties for the free and the tow swim velocities, and for the belt force, contributed approximately 5–6% and 2–3% error, respectively, in calculation of drag. The result of the uncertainty of the velocity exponent (1.8–2.6) indicated a contribution of about 6% error in active drag. The contribution of unequal power output showed that if a power changed 7.5% between conditions, it would lead to about 30% error in calculated drag. Consequently, if a swimmer did not maintain constant power output between conditions, there would be substantial errors in the calculation of active drag.     

一个可能最终确定以太存在与否的实验

分析了“光行差”现象、“光速不变”现象、“洛奇钢盘实验”,认为地球有可能拖曳以太。论证了在绕地轨道上进行迈克尔逊一莫雷实验可以最终确定是否存在以太,并设计了相应的设备。     

Effects of active and passive recovery on performance during repeated-sprint swimming

Abstract

The effect of active and passive recovery on repeated-sprint swimming bouts was studied in eight elite swimmers. Participants performed three trials of two sets of front crawl swims with 5 min rest between sets. Set A consisted of four 30-s bouts of high-intensity tethered swimming separated by 30 s passive rest, whereas Set B consisted of four 50-yard maximal-sprint swimming repetitions at intervals of 2 min. Recovery was active only between sets (AP trial), between sets and repetitions of Set B (AA trial) or passive throughout (PP trial). Performance during and metabolic responses after Set A were similar between trials. Blood lactate concentration after Set B was higher and blood pH was lower in the PP (18.29 ± 1.31 mmol · l^?1 and 7.12 ± 0.11 respectively) and AP (17.56 ± 1.22 mmol · l^?1 and 7.14 ± 0.11 respectively) trials compared with the AA (14.13 ± 1.56 mmol · l^?1 and 7.23 ± 0.10 respectively) trial (P < 0.01). Performance time during Set B was not different between trials (P > 0.05), but the decline in performance during Set B of the AP trial was less marked than in the AA or PP trials (main effect of sprints, P < 0.05). Results suggest that active recovery (60% of the 100-m pace) could be beneficial between training sets, and may compromise swimming performance between repetitions when recovery durations are short (< 2 min).     

Accuracy and Feasibility of Video Analysis for Assessing Hamstring Flexibility and Validity of the Sit-and-Reach Test

The accuracy of video analysis of the passive straight-leg raise test (PSLR) and the validity of the sit-and-reach test (SR) were tested in 60 men and women. Computer software measured static hip-joint flexion accurately. High within-session reliability of the PSLR was demonstrated (R > .97). Test-retest (separate days) reliability for SR was high in men (R = .97) and women R = .98) moderate for PSLR in men (R = .79) and women (R = .89). SR validity (PSLR as criterion) was higher in women (Day 1, r = .69; Day 2, r = .81) than men (Day 1, r = .64; Day 2, r = .66). In conclusion, video analysis is accurate and feasible for assessing static joint angles, PSLR and SR tests are very reliable methods for assessing flexibility, and the SR validity for hamstring flexibility was found to be moderate in women and low in men.