中国橄榄球运动的现状分析与建议

阐释了橄榄球运动的发展意义,通过大众对橄榄球运动项目的认识、队伍建制、项目训练情况与竞赛成绩的分析,发现我国橄榄球运动存在基础薄弱、运动队伍少、训练水平低、宣传力度不足等主要问题,认为应当加强青少年队伍的训练,不断拓展教练员与运动员的教学训练思路。     

The Public Schools and Organized Football in Britain: Fresh Perspectives on Old Paradigms

Modern football, especially soccer, was the product of a fusion of ideas from both the public schools and wider society. In the period between 1830 and 1859 there were far more football teams outside the public schools than those within it, and while the ideas stemming from public schools were important in terms of the code that was established to regulate the game it was only when they were fused and applied with concepts from the wider society that they gained both effectiveness and popularity. The principal creator of this code was the football club at Sheffield, an organization that was easily the most influential and important in the period prior to 1870.     

A systematic review of education programmes to prevent concussion in rugby union

Background: There is a high incidence of concussion sustained by athletes participating in rugby union, many of which go unreported. A lack of sufficient knowledge about concussion injuries may explain athletes’ failure to report. Several rugby union-playing countries have developed injury education and prevention programmes to address this issue. Objective: The aim of the current review was to systematically assess the content and level of evidence on concussion education/prevention programmes in rugby union and to make recommendations for the quality, strength, and consistency of this evidence. Methods: We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscuss, Webofscience, and conducted a manual search for articles. Results: Ten articles were included for review. Of these, six focused on the BokSmart injury prevention programme in South Africa, two focused on the RugbySmart injury prevention programme in New Zealand, one was an analysis of prevention programmes, and one was a systematic review of rugby injury prevention strategies. Conclusions: Despite the initiative to develop concussion education and prevention programmes, there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of such programmes. There is evidence to support education of coaches and referees. In addition, there is scant evidence to suggest that education and rule changes may have the benefit of changing athlete behaviours resulting in a reduction in catastrophic injury.     

Lower extremity muscle function of front row rugby union scrummaging

A rugby scrum’s front row must act uniformly to transfer maximal horizontal force and improve performance. This study investigated the muscle activation patterns of lower extremity muscles in front row forwards during live and machine scrums at professional and amateur levels. Electromyography was collected bilaterally on vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscles of 75 male rugby prop players during live and machine scrums. ANOVAs compared muscle reaction time, rate of change in muscle amplitude and muscle amplitude between groups and conditions. Cross-correlation analysis explored muscle synchronicity. There were significantly greater rates of change in each muscle amplitude in professional players than amateur players. Additionally, there was significantly quicker muscle reaction time in all muscles, and greater amplitude in vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius, during the live scrum vs. machine condition. The professional props produced more synchronised muscle activation than amateur players and all players produced more synchronised muscle activation against the scrum machine vs. live scrummage. The results indicate a higher skill proficiency and muscle synchronicity in professional players. While scrum machine training is ideally suited for functional muscle strengthening during practice, to truly simulate the requirements of the scrum, training should incorporate the live situation as much as possible.     

There's a Deathless Myth on the Close Tonight: Re-assessing Rugby's Place in the History of Sport

Rugby School has traditionally been credited with an important place in the development of modern organised games. The most famous names in this attribution have been William Webb Ellis, the pupil who ‘invented’ rugby football, and Dr. Thomas Arnold, the headmaster who gained global recognition through the publication of Tom Brown's Schooldays. Not surprisingly, academic historians have debunked the significance of both of these men, since it is demonstrable that Webb Ellis did nothing of significance and that Arnold had little interest in games. But the significance of the school in this respect is in some ways even greater in reality – though quite different – from that in the popular myths. ‘The Close’ in the mid-nineteenth century was a recreational and moral laboratory in the making of games. The boys there not only invented new rules, skills and customs but took them rapidly to other schools, universities and cities. Moreover, such Rugbeans as Richard Sykes, William Arnold, Herbert Castens and Tom Wills took the practices of the Close to five continents, instituting a global sporting revolution which would have occurred whether ‘organised games’ became an approved necessity of education or not. This account uses some important previously uncited sources, especially the various minutes and journals produced by the boys at Rugby.     

英式橄榄球司克兰器的研制与应用

以解决橄榄球司克兰技术在教学、训练中量化力量、防止颈部损伤及校正技术动作标准等为目的。运用机械工程设计法、力学试验、设计计算和加工制作,研制了用器械替代用人力的司克兰教学训练辅助器材。试验取得了关键技术参数,并对样机进行了实际应用检验。得出橄榄球队员的体重与推顶力具有二者相关关系和推顶力的置信范围,P<0.05;在1-α=95%的条件下,受力置信范围是可信的。验证了橄榄球司克兰推顶力设备具有技术性能可靠性和对提高橄榄球司克兰教学训练质量具有十分良好的效果。     

橄榄球运动的耐力特点和训练方法初探

橄榄球是对抗最激烈的球类项目,比赛时需要运动员在长时间激烈对抗中完成各种加速冲刺、传接球、撞击和顶推等复杂动作,运动员必需具备很好的速度耐力、力量耐力以及专项耐力,这对运动员的无氧供能体系提出了相当高的要求,而这些能力的提高和比赛间歇期的恢复又必须建立在良好的一般耐力水平基础之上,因此训练中应全面系统地提高有氧耐力、无氧耐力和力量耐力,以满足高强度比赛的要求。     

橄榄球运动员身体素质测试方法

橄榄球运动员具备全面的身体素质是非常重要的，而测定和评估运动员全面的身体素质需要掌握必要的方法，才能在身体素质方面为比赛做好充分的准备。     

上海市英式橄榄球运动发展对策研究

本文以英式橄榄球运动为背景,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法等研究方法,研究英式橄榄球在上海推广与发展的现状,提出使该项运动在上海得到更好推广和发展的对策。研究发现：橄榄球场地少,师资薄弱,橄榄球项目资源分布极不平衡等情况,限制了英式橄榄球在上海的普及;上海大学生对英式橄榄球的认知大多偏于感性,但参与橄榄球运动的意愿较强;英式橄榄球爱好者中男性居多,且偏年轻化;橄榄球运动具有强身健体和情绪宣泄功能已被橄榄球爱好者所认同;上海市英式橄榄球队由原先从事田径等项目的学生运动员组成,文化学习压力大、身体改造要求高、专项训练内容多、训练时间不够用、比赛机会很难得,是影响队员竞技水平提高和整体实力提升的主要因素。本文从社会推广和学校普及橄榄球运动,以及竞技橄榄球队伍发展3个方面,对上述问题进行理性分析,在此基础上制定相应的对策,以促进英式橄榄球在上海更好的推广与发展。     

Discriminant analysis of the physiques of schoolboy rugby players,hurlers and non‐team members

The subjects were 31 successful schoolboy rugby players and 25 successful schoolboy hurlers; 34 non‐team members acted as controls. Thirty‐one anthropometric measurements were taken on each subject: height, weight, sitting height, five skeletal lengths, six skeletal diameters, 13 muscle circumferences and four skinfolds. The non‐players were significantly smaller than both the rugby players and the hurlers in weight, biacromial diameter, bideltoid, neck, chest, flexed arm, upper and lower thigh and calf circumferences. The non‐players were significantly smaller than the rugby players in arm length, femur diameter and waist, hip and relaxed arm circumferences. The non‐players were significantly smaller than the hurlers in femur length, biiliac and ankle diameters. There were no statistically significant differences between the rugby players and hurlers. Discriminant analysis produced a function containing terms for height, weight, fat free weight, humerus diameter and neck, bideltoid, forearm and calf circumferences which correctly assigned 83 (92%) of the subjects to ‘player’ and ‘non‐player’ categories. When the function was applied to the 15 members of the rugby team of a different school, 14 were placed in the ‘player’ category and one subject was given a borderline classification. It is concluded that there were differences in physique between the team members and non‐members and that the techniques used in the study were effective in quantifying them.