Validity and reliability of kick count and rate in freestyle using inertial sensor technology

Abstract

In freestyle swimming the arm action is routinely quantified by stroke count and rate, yet no method is currently available for quantifying kick. In this study, we assessed the validity and reliability of inertial sensor technology (gyroscope) to assess kick count and rate. Twelve Paralympic swimmers completed a 100-m freestyle-swimming time-trial and freestyle kicking-only time-trial three times each in a season. An algorithm was developed to detect the up and down beat of individual kicks from the gyroscope trace. For comparative purposes, underwater video analysis provided the criterion measure. The standard error of the estimate (validity) for kick count, expressed as a coefficient of variation, was 5.9% (90% confidence interval 5.5 to 6.4) for swimming, and 0.6% (0.5 to 0.6) for kicking-only trials. The mean bias for kick count was ?1.7% (?2.4 to ?1.1) for swimming, and ?0.1% (?0.2 to ?0.1) for kicking-only trials. Correlations between the sensor and video for kick count were 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) for swimming, and 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) for kicking-only trials. The typical error of the measurement (reliability) between trials was approximately 4% for kick count and rate. The inertial sensors and associated software used generated sufficient validity and reliability estimates to quantify moderate to large changes in kick count and rate in freestyle swimming.     

Guiding Attention Aids the Acquisition of Anticipatory Skill in Novice Soccer Goalkeepers

Purpose: The ability to anticipate the actions of opponents can be enhanced through perceptual-skill training, though there is doubt regarding the most effective form of doing so. We sought to evaluate whether perceptual-skill learning would be enhanced when supplemented with guiding visual information. Method: Twenty-eight participants without soccer-playing experience were assigned to a guided perceptual-training group (n = 9), an unguided perceptual-training group (n = 10), or a control group (n = 9). The guided perceptual-training group received half of their trials with color cueing that highlighted either the key kinematic changes in the kicker's action or the known visual search strategy of expert goalkeepers. The unguided perceptual-training group undertook an equal number of trials of practice, but all trials were without guidance. The control group undertook no training intervention. All participants completed an anticipation test immediately before and after the 7-day training intervention, as well as a 24-hr retention test. Results: The guided perceptual-training group significantly improved their response accuracy for anticipating the direction of soccer penalty kicks from preintervention to postintervention, whereas no change in performance was evident at posttest for either the unguided perceptual-training group or the control group. The superior performance of the guided perceptual-training group was preserved in the retention test and was confirmed when relative changes in response time were controlled using a covariate analysis. Conclusions: Perceptual training supplemented with guiding information provides a level of improvement in perceptual anticipatory skill that is not seen without guidance.     

The influence of Cardan rotation sequence on angular orientation data for the lower limb in the soccer kick

Abstract

The influence of the Cardan rotation sequence on the orientation angles for joints is well known but has not been explored for dynamic sports movements. The purpose of this study is to establish the influence of Cardan rotation sequence on the orientation angles of the ankle, knee, and hip of the support leg and pelvis during dynamic sports movements, typified by a maximal instep kick in soccer. We found that: (a) the X (flexion/extension) axis rotations provide data that are robust for any sequence used other than the YXZ sequence, although the Y (abduction/adduction) and Z (internal/external) axes rotations are variable in both shape and offset magnitude; (b) the preferred rotation sequence is either XYZ or XZY for dynamic sports movements, although for the soccer kick the XYZ rotation sequence has been widely used and so this is recommended as a standard; and (c) most uncertainties exist in the Y and Z axes and are most apparent at the beginning of the movement. Where uncertainty exists in identifying Y and Z axes orientations, the integrated angular velocity may be considered as an alternative to determine the relative changes in segment orientation.     

室外冰场环保清雪车的研制

冰雪运动在我国北方很盛行,高校滑冰课是冬季体育课主要课程之一,但传统的人工维护冰场,速度慢、质量差,影响了冰上运动的普及和发展。为了解决人工清雪费时费力、效率低、清扫效果差的问题,课题组进行了室外冰场环保清雪车的研制工作。设计制造了环保电动车,配有螺旋推雪器和皮带扫雪刷并用的扫雪方式。用机械替代人力清雪能节省人力,速度快,效果好,对普及和推广冰上体育运动有实际意义。     

现代竞技足球比赛中点球判罚的影响因素分析

采用文献资料法、观察统计法、数理统计法及访谈法,对第19届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段点球判罚情况进行统计研究,对比赛中影响点球判罚的相关因素进行分析。结果表明,规则、裁判等因素对比赛中点球的判罚具有影响作用,对这些因素进行客观分析,为现代竞技足球比赛中点球的判罚提供参考和依据。     

Tennis

This study investigated the effect of the larger diameter (Type 3) tennis ball on performance and muscle activation in the serve. Sixteen male advanced tennis players performed serves using regular size and Type 3 tennis balls. Ball speed, surface electromyography, and serve accuracy were measured. There were no significant differences in mean initial serve speeds between balls, but accuracy was significantly greater (19.3%) with the Type 3 ball than with the regular ball. A consistent temporal sequence of muscle activation and significant differences in mean activation of different muscles were observed. However, ball type had no effect on mean arm muscle activation. These data, combined with a previous study, suggest that play with the larger ball is not likely to increase the risk of overuse injury, but serving accuracy may increase compared to play with the regular ball.     

空心加压螺钉不同构型固定股骨颈骨折的生物力学研究

目的:用力学实验的方法,对倒、正等腰三角形布局的三枚空心加压螺钉固定头颈型股骨颈骨折进行生物力学比较,确定哪种空间构型生物力学性能好,从而为临床治疗股骨颈骨折提供理论依据.方法:用生物力学机测试比较倒、正等腰三角形空间构型抗压、抗扭性能及最大垂直载荷,实验数据用SPSS10.0统计软件进行t检验,P＜0.05有显著性差异.结果:倒等腰三角形构型在抗压、最大垂直载荷方面优于正等腰三角形组,有显著性差别;抗扭转方面无显著性差别.结论:实验结论支持治疗头颈型股骨颈骨折三枚空心加压螺钉倒等腰三角形构型生物力学效果好.     

武术中旋风脚的力学分析及教学

针对目前体育教学中武术是一个老师不愿教、而且不好教的问题 ,对旋风脚进行力学分析 ,探讨了教学途径、方法及要注意的问题 ,从本质上阐明旋风脚这个技术动作的发力原理 ,对于武术教学实践具有一定的指导意义     

毽球倒勾球技术教学球感练习法研究

依据毽球倒勾球动作技术的时间与空间特征,结合教学实践经验,运用运动心理学有关球感的理论,在分析与探讨球感练习对毽球倒勾球动作技能形成的作用的基础上,对毽球倒勾球动作技术教学中球感练习选择的依据、练习顺序、练习手段及基本要求、运用球感练习的基本原则等问题进行了分析与讨论。     

螺旋焊管机细长丝杠的车削技术

细长丝杠的车削是车工工艺的难点.以焊管机细长丝杠加工为例,分析工艺要求、工具的选择、车削注意事项等,对提高此类零件的加工技术有积极的借鉴意义.