细胞培养技术及避免污染的方法

细胞培养技术是医学研究过程中不可或缺的技术手段,也是分子生物学研究的主要方法手段。主要介绍细胞培养过程中的几种基本技术方法,细胞培养过程中的常见污染的来源、起因,并阐述了避免污染的方法,为细胞培养操作者提供参考。     

Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles

Sustainable technologies challenge prevailing business practices, especially in industries that depend heavily on the use of fossil fuels. Firms are therefore in need of business models that transform the specific characteristics of sustainable technologies into new ways to create economic value and overcome the barriers that stand in the way of their market penetration. A key issue is the respective impact of incumbent and entrepreneurial firms’ path-dependent behaviour on the development of such new business models. Embedded in the literature on business models, this paper explores how incumbent and entrepreneurial firms’ path dependencies have affected the evolution of business models for electric vehicles. Based on a qualitative analysis of electric vehicle projects of key industry players over a five-year period (2006–2010), the paper identifies four business model archetypes and traces their evolution over time. Findings suggest that incumbent and entrepreneurial firms approach business model innovation in distinctive ways. Business model evolution shows a series of incremental changes that introduce service-based components, which were initially developed by entrepreneurial firms, to the product. Over time there seems to be some convergence in the business models of incumbents and entrepreneurs in the direction of delivering economy multi-purpose vehicles.     

Light emitting diodes and the lighting revolution: The emergence of a solid-state lighting industry

Emergence of new industries from evolving technologies is critical to the global economy, yet has been relatively understudied due to the paucity of available data. This study draws lessons on industry emergence, by analyzing how a solid-state lighting (SSL) industry grew out of light emitting diode (LED) technologies that evolved for half a century, with participation by tens of thousands of researchers in universities, national laboratories, and firms. Using data on publications, patents, and firms combined with business history we trace the evolution of SSL through a succession of market niches. At times a few researchers with unorthodox research approaches made breakthroughs that greatly advanced particular technology trajectories and pushed LED research in unexpected directions. A succession of LED market niches advanced the technology and provided profits to incentivize continuing research while reducing cost and improving efficacy of LEDs. Innovating firms developed a thicket of patents and captured substantial profit, but were embroiled in extensive litigation that was ultimately resolved through cross-licensing. A major new generation of lighting products is now disrupting the traditional lighting industry. Although the leading incumbent lighting firms all invested early and heavily in SSL, the industry's future leadership is uncertain.     

Financial information management for university departments,using open-source software

This paper presents a model to analyse the different outcomes generated by the application of Task-Technology Fit (TTF) theory to economic and financial information management in university departments. This model extends that proposed by Goodhue (1995), in two ways: (i) a key role is played by the manager in designing the technology and in performing the task in question. Both of these aspects can be modified, depending on the evaluation made of a series of characteristics (or dimensions) inherent to the model. (ii) The free dissemination of the source code of the application not only allows the transfer of knowledge, but also creates virtual communities which, through collaborative work and the exchange of experiences, can achieve a better fit of the technology to the task at hand. This model has been introduced in several departments at the University of Granada (Spain), and evaluated in terms of the results obtained at both individual and group levels. This evaluation was conducted by means of in-depth interviews with departmental managers.     

Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application

Understanding the main determinants of Internet banking adoption is important for banks and users; our understanding of the role of users’ perceived risk in Internet banking adoption is limited. In response, we develop a conceptual model that combines unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) with perceived risk to explain behaviour intention and usage behaviour of Internet banking. To test the conceptual model we collected data from Portugal (249 valid cases). Our results support some relationships of UTAUT, such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence, and also the role of risk as a stronger predictor of intention. To explain usage behaviour of Internet banking the most important factor is behavioural intention to use Internet banking.     

川西气田油气绿色开采工程技术创新与实践

针对川西地区敏感脆弱的生态坏境,中石化西南油气分公司提出了川西气田油气绿色开采战略目标,致力于油气开采过程中的成套技术研发,着重在压裂返排液重复利用技术、钻井液重复利用技术、地层水利用技术3个方面积极开展工程技术创新,并取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益。基于对西南油气分公司技术创新内外环境的分析,揭示西南油气分公司技术创新的本质,阐明在需求拉动和技术推动的双重作用下企业要同时具备因地制宜、与时俱进的指导思想和创新增效的理念及良好的制度保障,才能真正实现绿色低碳、持续创新的原理。     

区域性技术创新政策绩效评价的实证研究——基于相关性和灰色关联分析的视角

技术创新已经成为区域经济发展的重要推动力。技术创新政策有力地促进了区域技术创新的发展。构建技术创新政策绩效评价的指标体系,选取合肥市作为分析案例,根据统计数据,运用相关性分析和灰色关联度方法,对合肥市技术创新政策绩效进行评价。同时将分析结果与有关城市进行横向比较,找出存在的问题与原因。在此基础上,提出优化合肥市技术创新政策绩效的对策和建议,进一步提高技术创新能力和水平。分析方法和结论对区域性技术创新政策实施效果评价具有借鉴和参考意义。     

空间科学——我国创新驱动发展的重要阵地

文章概述了空间科学与空间科学卫星的特点,具体阐述了其在科学上的前沿性,在空间技术和相关高技术上的带动性,以及对国家政治、外交、国防和社会发展的重要作用,介绍了中科院正在实施的空间科学先导专项在科学前沿、技术带动和国际影响方面预计的成果产出,并对其后续发展提出了建议。     

我国LED封装技术专利丛林测量实证研究

如何证明并测量专利丛林,一直是一个难题。专利丛林是指众多且重叠的专利,可能形成稠密的网络,寻求将新技术商业化的企业必须获得多个专利权人的许可。由于我国专利文献不要求说明专利引证关系,所有国外的测量方法在我国无法适用。本文以1997-2010年我国LED封装技术专利为样本,综合运用帕累托位序规模法、比例法和首位度等方法进行测量,研究表明我国LED封装技术领域专利呈现分散趋势。     

Delineation of the Structural Elements of Oriental Liver Fluke PLA2 Isoforms for Potent Drug Designing

Clonorchis sinensis or the Chinese liver fluke is one of the most prevalent parasites affecting a major population in the oriental countries. The parasite lacks lipid generating mechanisms but is exposed to fatty acid rich bile in the liver. A secretory phospholipase A₂, an enzyme that breaks down complex lipids, is important for the growth of the parasite. The enzyme is also implicated in the pathogenesis leading up to the hepatic fibrosis and its complications including cancer. The five isoforms of this particular enzyme from the parasite therefore qualify as potential drug targets. In this study, a detailed structural and ligand binding analysis of the isoforms has been done by modeling. The overall three dimensional structures of the isoforms are well conserved with three helices and a β-wing stabilized by four disulfide bonds. There are characteristic differences at the calcium binding loop, hydrophobic channel and the C-terminal domain that can potentially be exploited for drug binding. But the most significant feature pertains to the catalytic site where the isoforms exhibit three variations of either a histidine-aspartate-tyrosine or histidine-glutamate-tyrosine or histidine-aspartate-phenylalanine. Molecular docking studies show that isoform specific residues and their conformations in the substrate binding hydrophobic channel make unique interactions with certain inhibitor molecules resulting in a perfect tight fit. The proposed ligand molecules have a predicted affinity in micro-molar to nano-molar range. Interestingly, few of the ligand binding interaction patterns is in accordance to the phylogenetic studies to thereby establish the usefulness of evolutionary mechanisms in aiding ligand design. The molecular diversity of the parasitic PLA₂ described in this study provides a platform for personalized medicine in the therapeutics of clonorchiasis.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12291-013-0377-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.