Exploring the effects of substituting basketball players in high-level teams

Substituting basketball players during competition is a key process to optimise collective performance. Available research on this topic is scarce, probably due to the difficulty in isolating these effects; thus, the aim of this study was to identify the temporal effects of substitutions in basketball (Spanish professional basketball league). The sample was composed of 1118 substitutions gathered from 21 basketball games. The analysed variables were coach-controlled (player and team’s personal fouls, player in and player out roles, player’s in and out minutes on-court and timeout situation); on-court (foul committed, free throws, 2- and 3-point field-goal effectiveness) and situational variables (scoreline, quality of opposition, game location and game quarter). The results showed positive scoring performances after the substitution for all the analyses. During the first quarter, there were significant effects for fouls committed, scoreline and game location after the substitution. The player’s out personal fouls, free-throw effectiveness, player in, minutes on-court player in, timeout situation and 3-point field-goal effectiveness were significant during the second quarter. The team’s personal fouls, game location, and scoreline were identified as important in the third quarter. The fourth quarter did not show significant effects on the independent variables. Current findings allow optimising coaches’ plans and team management of on-court and bench players throughout the game.     

The effects of attentional focus instructions on punching velocity and impact forces among trained combat athletes

Research indicates that instructing athlete’s to focus on bodily movements (internal focus of attention [IFA]) may hinder performance, whereas instructing them to focus on the movement outcome (external focus of attention [EFA]) often enhances performance. Despite the importance of instructions in striking combat sports, limited research has examined the influence of IFA and EFA on performance in well-trained combat athletes. This study investigated the effects of different instructional cues on punching velocity (m · s^?1) and normalised impact forces (N · kg^?1) among intermediate (n = 8) and expert (n = 7) competitive boxers and kickboxers. Athletes completed three rounds of 12 maximal effort punches delivered to a punching integrator on three separate days. Day one was a familiarisation session with only control instructions provided. In the following two days athletes randomly received IFA, EFA or control instructions prior to each of the three rounds. Athletes punching with EFA were 4% faster and 5% more forceful than IFA (P < 0.05), and 2% faster and 3% more forceful than control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, experts punched 11% faster and with 13% greater force compared with intermediate athletes (P < 0.05). EFA led to a positive effect on punching performance and should be favoured over IFA and control instructions.     

The effects of localised fatigue on upper extremity jump shot kinematics and kinetics in team handball

Team handball is a popular sport worldwide that requires numerous throws to be made throughout the course of a game. Because of the upper extremity demands of repetitive throwing, it is possible that fatigue can alter the mechanics of a shot. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of localised fatigue on jump shot kinematics and kinetics. Eleven male team handball players (23.1 ± 3.1 years; 185.1 ± 8.3 cm; 89.7 ± 12.2 kg) volunteered. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to examine the jump shot prior to and following localised fatigue. The fatiguing protocol consisted of throwing a 2.2 kg medicine ball into a rebounder until volitional fatigue. No significant kinematic or kinetic differences were observed following fatigue. Shoulder external rotation was ?74.8 ± 14.9° prior to and ?79.0 ± 14.7° following fatigue at MER. Scapula, external rotation at ball release (BR) prior to fatigue was ?2.2 ± 7.0° and ?3.2 ± 11.1° following fatigue. Scapular internal rotation, at maximum shoulder internal rotation (MIR), changed from 18.4 ± 11.2° to 20.4 ± 11.8°. Ball velocity decreased from19.8 m · s^–1 to 18.8 m · s^–1 (P = 0.12). Accuracy percentage in the pre-fatigue trials was 60.8 ± 14.1% and 52.8 ± 12.7% following fatigue (P = 0.20). While no significant changes were observed, it is possible that other fatiguing protocols that more closely represent the aerobic and throwing demands of the sport may have a greater effect on the kinematics and kinetics of the jump shot.     

A knock to the system: A new sociotechnical systems approach to sport-related concussion

Broader contextual factors that influence concussion management have tended to be overlooked. To address this, the present study used a sociotechnical systems approach to identify perceived responsibilities and applied strategies for three domains of concussion management (i.e., prevention, identification and treatment). Participants were 118 members of the community rugby union system in Australia (69.2% male). Participants from throughout the rugby system (e.g., players, parents, coaches, club management) were asked open-ended questions about their perceived responsibilities and the strategies they use for concussion management. It was found that (a) proper training, technique correction and education were recurrent prevention themes; (b) the majority of key stakeholders felt that they could consistently identify concussion; however, medical aids (medics) were the only system actors who stated a responsibility to use standardised concussion assessment measures and (c) less than one third of the respondents indicated their involvement in treating concussion. This study identifies specific junctures in the system that prevents effective concussion management strategies. A sociotechnical systems approach improves the understanding of concussion prevention, and management beliefs and behaviours.     

‘The Winner Takes it All’: Values and Benefits of Israeli Sports Gambling Advertisements

Sports gambling is a well-established practice in Israel, whose beginnings can be traced to 1951. In recent years, the activities of the Israel Sports Betting Board (ISBB), also known as the ‘Toto Commission’, have become extremely popular with the public at large, and especially with sports fans. The study examines the changing advertising messages and creative appeals featured in the ISBB’s various advertising campaigns throughout Israeli history, and specifically the broad social meanings that can be inferred from these campaigns. The findings illustrate how significant structures of meaning in advertising function as reflections of the state of sports and society in Israel and as representations of some of the most salient phenomena in these domains. For example, for many years advertisements have been dominated by male presence, reflected primarily in the featured characters and language representations. Also prominent are representations of militarism as well as global biases, which are illustrated by the use of English in the local Israeli gambling brand name (‘Winner’), for example.     

国外体育类核心期刊的网络化研究

对体育科学类SCI收录期刊和运动、休闲、旅游类SSCI收录期刊的网络化特点进行分析,指出其存在的问题：交互性不强,没有实现真正意义上的互联互通;网站页面雷同,难以彰显期刊特色;网络平台仍以门户网站为主,移动平台尚未得到充分利用;网络化内容仍以文字为主,对音、视频传播手段的利用有限。并对此提出建议和对策：利用数据收集和数据分析,提高对用户服务的针对性;完善网站建设,注重用户参与,增强交互性;打造精品栏目,增强核心竞争力;结合移动应用平台,实现平台化和垂直化发展。     

“足球改革”对中国体育发展的启示

在社会学、文化产业学、体育学、管理学等学科理论指导下,运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、案例分析法等研究方法,指出2008年北京奥运会后,中国体育改革没有真正深入进行,国家选择足球作为引领中国体育全面改革的“试验田”,是体育改革进程中顶层设计者所权衡下的英明决策。并提出了“举国足球”对中国体育发展启示为：宣告体育改革必须坚持“管办分离”的原则、强化学校体育重回教育“参与为主”的本质、推动体育事业走向惠民“公共服务”的工程、昭示竞技体育发展远离“长尾效应”的时代、直指体育产业坚守效益“服务经济”的调整。     

交换视角下体育公共服务治理中的问题与对策分析

基于交换理论,以交换理性、交换结构、交换的不确定性为切入点,结合相关治理案例,对体育公共服务治理中的公共性偏移、合作性缺失、多元化不足等问题进行解释。研究认为,在体育公共服务治理中,当经济理性超过社会理性,各主体将形成损公利私的扭曲行为;资源状况的差异导致主体结构失衡,进而导致主体间形成控制与依附的关系,阻碍了以平等、协作为特征的主体间合作形成;不确定性影响了“体制外”组织的参与,导致“多元化”的不足。最后,以培育社会理性、平衡主体结构、降低不确定性三个角度出发,以规范各主体行为为抓手提出治理策略与建议。     

我国女性体育参与的文化解读与时代特征

我国女性在体育参与中相对于男性遭遇了很多不平等的现象,这些现象必然有其文化历史根源。通过文献梳理和逻辑分析,从意识形态层面的审美取向、形成意识形态的氏族制政治生态与形成政治生态的社会及人类进化论根源三个角度,对我国女性的体育参与特征进行剥离式解读,总结出女性参与体育的时代特征。同时从经济学的视角分析了女性体育参与的机会成本或许在短时间内不会降低到与男性相同的水平,但过去阻碍女性参与体育的桎梏将随时间一一消弭。