Influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on ventilatory thresholds related to endurance performance

The purpose of this study was to verify the association between ACTN3 polymorphism and physiological parameters related to endurance performance. A total of 150 healthy male volunteers performed a maximal incremental running test to determine the speeds corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Participants were genotyped and divided into terciles based on the analysed variables. Genotype frequencies were compared through χ² test between lower and higher terciles, with the lowest or highest values of each analysed variable. ACTN3 XX genotype was over-represented in higher tercile for VT and RCP. Odds ratio also showed significantly higher chances of XX individuals to be in higher tercile compared to RR (7.3) and RR + RX (3.5) for VT and compared to RR genotype (8.1) and RR + RX (3.4) for RCP. Thus, XX individuals could attain the VT and RCP at higher speeds, suggesting that they are able to sustain higher running speeds in lower exercise intensity domains. It could result in higher lipid acids oxidation, saving muscle glycogen and delaying the fatigue during prolonged exercises, which could be the advantage mechanism of this genotype to endurance performance.     

Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory threshold in ski-mountaineering

Abstract

The capacity to predict the heart rate (HR) and speed at the first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds was evaluated during an incremental ski-mountaineering test using heart rate variability (HRV). Nine skiers performed a field test to exhaustion on an alpine skiing track. VT1 and VT2 were individually determined by visual analysis from gas exchanges (VT1V and VT2V) and time-varying spectral HRV analysis (VT1fH, VT2fH and VT2H). VT1 could not be determined with the HRV methods used. On the contrary, the VT2 was determined in all skiers. No significant difference between HR and speed at VT2H and VT2V was observed (174.3 ± 5.6 vs. 174.3 ± 5.3 bpm, and 6.3 ± 0.9 and 6.3 ± 0.9 km h^–1, respectively). Strong correlations were obtained for HR (r = 0.91) and speed (r = 0.92) at VT2H and VT2V with small limits of agreement (±3.6 bpm for HR). Our results indicated that HRV enables determination of HR and speed at VT2 during a specific ski-mountaineering incremental test. These findings provide practical applications for skiers in order to evaluate and control specific training loads, at least when referring to VT2.     

胸围与氧通气当量及其相关参数间的关系

考察胸围与氧通气当量及其相关参数间的关系.受试者为197名汉族成年男性.测定其安静状态下胸围(平静呼气末)、身高、体重、肺通气量、摄氧量和氧通气当量.结果显示:在控制协变量前后,胸围皆与氧通气当量无关(所有P≥0.67);在控制协变量之前,胸围与肺通气量和摄氧量关联(所有P＜0.001),但在控制身体质量指数(BMI)...     

顺应论视角下英文电影片名的汉译

电影片名既是通俗的艺术形式,担负着艺术创造和提高大众审美情趣的重任,同时又是商业广告,在影片推介中起着举足轻重的作用。新兴的语用理论"顺应论"认为语言使用的过程就是语言选择的过程,不管是有意识的还是无意识的,是出于语言内部的原因还是出于语言外部的原因。通过对英文电影片名汉译的归类分析,发现英文电影片名的汉译是译者顺应汉语的语言现实、社会规约、受众的审美需求和心理动机的结果。     

新词·新义·新译·新意——评《新世纪汉英大词典》中新词语的收录与翻译

评析《新世纪汉英大词典》中新词语的收录及其英译问题,指出《新世纪汉英大词典》在处理新词语时,应注意以下四个方面：（1）新词语的收录要力求全面,避免漏收及配套词顾此失彼的现象;（2）旧词新义不应忽视;（3）积极使用新译法,提供全面的意义对等的对应词;（4）译名要有新意,多借鉴英语中的习惯性表达,力戒解释性翻译,提高译名的“可插性”,最后指出了该词典中其他一些有待商榷的词目译文。     

从属专利、等同原则与专利侵权判定——对一个争讼十年从属专利侵权案的分析

从属专利在专利法及其实施细则中均没有明确定义,但在专利实践中,从属专利是客观存在的,当前后两个有效专利的保护范围发生冲突时,在后专利一定从属于在先专利,因而就有了从属专利的问题。文章通过具体案例分析,阐述从属专利、等同原则在专利侵权判定中的作用和意义。     

双语词典中词汇空缺成因及对应词处理

由于语言与文化的差异,源语和目的语分别存在着许许多多的文化局限词。首先探讨文化局限词的一种词义差异模式,即词汇空缺、一语独有;其次,从历史文化、宗教信仰、地理环境等三个方面探讨词汇空缺的成因;最后以《英汉大词典》和《新时代汉英大词典》的词条为例来探讨双语词典中处理词汇空缺的10种策略。     

RPE在中老年肥胖患者运动处方中的应用及相关影响因素分析

目的:探讨主观感觉疲劳量表(RPE)是否适用于中老年肥胖患者运动处方实施过程中运动强度的监控并分析影响RPE的相关因素。方法:215名中老年肥胖患者,进行递增负荷实验测试功能能力(F.C.,单位为代谢当量METs)和相应的RPE。以70%F.C.完成一次中等强度运动,同时记录患者的RPE值,比较用RPE推测的METs值和用递增负荷实验测得的METs值之间的差别。结果:受试者平均F.C.为6.1±1.8(METs),对应的RPE为15.2±1.6。RPE与BMI、性别、教育程度和抗心律失常药物有一定关联。70%F.C.为4.9±1.1(METs),而用RPE计算的预测值为5.6±1.2(METs),后者较前者高23.1%(P<0.01)。结论:在中老年肥胖患者实施运动处方的过程中,使用RPE会过高估计其实际运动强度;BMI、性别、教育程度和使用抗心律失常药物是RPE的影响变量。     

不同耐力水平者同步测定的通气阈与心率阈间的比较

对随机选取的研究对象在逐级递增负荷运动条件下,同步测定其通气阈和心率阈,目的在于通过对不同耐力水平者的测试结果比较分析与评价,以期对耐力性项目的训练尤其是基层训练或训练水平相对较低的运动员训练给予指导.研究结果表明,摄氧量、心率与采用计算机EXCEL电子表格的绘图功能与人工判别相结合的方法可以有效获得在标准递增负荷运动中的心率阈和通气阈;通气阈与心率阈之间有较好的一致性,且具有显著的相关性;有耐力训练者的心率阈值显著低与无耐力训练者,但对应的阈值跑速却显著高于无耐力训练者;不同耐力水平受试者的最大摄氧量和通气阈值之间没有显著差异,但通气阈占最大摄氧量的百分比却是有训练者低.     

Vertical ground reaction force responses to different head-out aquatic exercises performed in water and on dry land

The purpose was to analyse the vertical ground reaction forces (Fz) of head-out aquatic exercises [stationary running (SR), frontal kick (FK), cross-country skiing (CCS), jumping jacks (JJ), adductor hop (ADH) and abductor hop (ABH)] at two cadences in both aquatic and dry land environments. Twelve young women completed two sessions in each environment, each consisting of three exercises performed at two cadences (first and second ventilatory thresholds – C1 and C2, respectively). Two-way and three-way repeated measures analysis of variance were used to the statistical analysis. The results showed that the peak Fz and impulse were significantly lower in the aquatic environment, resulting in values from 28.2% to 58.5% and 60.4% to 72.8% from those obtained on dry land, respectively. In the aquatic environment, the peak Fz was lower and the impulse was higher at the C1 than at the C2. Furthermore, it was observed that SR and FK (0.9–1.1 BW) elicited a significantly higher peak Fz values compared to the ADH and JJ exercises (0.5–0.8 BW). It can be concluded that the aquatic environment reduces the Fz during head-out aquatic exercises. It should be noted that its magnitude is also dependent on the intensity and the identity of the exercise performed.