Bridging In-school and Out-of-school Learning: Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Education

The present paper thoroughly examines how one can effectively bridge in-school and out-of-school learning. The first part discusses the difficulty in defining out-of-school learning. It proposes to distinguish three types of learning: formal, informal, and non-formal. The second part raises the question of whether out-of-school learning should be dealt with in the in-school system, in view of the fact that we experience informal learning anyway as well as considering the disadvantages and difficulties teachers are confronted with when planning and carrying out scientific fieldtrips. The voices of the teachers, the students, and the non-formal institution staff are heard to provide insights into the problem. The third part discusses the cognitive and affective aspects of non-formal learning. The fourth part presents some models explaining scientific fieldtrip learning and based on those models, suggests a novel explanation. The fifth part offers some recommendations of how to bridge in and out-of-school learning. The paper closes with some practical ideas as to how one can bring the theory described in the paper into practice. It is hoped that this paper will provide educators with an insight so that they will be able to fully exploit the great potential that scientific field trips may offer. This paper appears as a chapter in: Eshach, H. (2006). Science Literacy in Primary Schools and Pre-Schools, Netherlands: Springer.     

时间管理:远程教育学习支持的新视角

在分析远程学习者时间管理问题的基础上,初探了时间管理支持对远程学习者的重要意义,并提出时间管理支持应包含的主要内容,即进行时间管理行为训练;信息技术能力培养;建立在线时间管理监控系统。     

Teachers’ perceptions of assessments of their mathematical knowledge in a professional development course

The purpose of the project reported in this article was to evaluate how assessing teachers’ mathematical knowledge within a professional development course impacted from the teachers’ perspective their learning and their experience with the course. The professional development course consisted of a 2-week summer institute and the content focus was geometry. We had decided to assess the mathematical learning of the teachers during this professional development course for various accountability reasons, but were concerned about possible negative by-products of this decision on the teachers and their participation. Thus, we worked to design assessment in ways that we hoped would minimize negative impacts and maintain a supportive learning environment. In addition, we undertook this evaluation to examine the impacts of the assessment, which included homework, quizzes, various projects, and an examination for program evaluation. Seventeen grade 5–9 teachers enrolled in the course participated in the study by completing written reflections and by describing their experiences in interviews. We learned that while our original intent was “to do no harm,” the teachers reported that their learning was enhanced by the assessment. The article concludes by describing the various properties of the assessments that the teachers identified as contributing to their learning of the geometry content, many of which align with current recommendations for assessing and evaluating grade K-16 mathematics students.

Multiple Outcomes of Class Visits to Natural History Museums: The Students’ View

The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the range of outcomes of class visits to natural history museums. The theoretical framework is based on the multifaceted process of learning in free choice learning environments, and emphasizes the unique and individual learning experience in museum settings. The study’s significance is in highlighting several possible cognitive as well as non-cognitive learning effects in museums class visits, by providing the student’s point of view. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with 50 students in grades 6–8 on the day following the visit. We present evidence that students expressed several learning outcomes, connected directly and indirectly to the scientific content of the visit. Content oriented outcomes included acquiring scientific knowledge and making connections to prior knowledge; social oriented outcomes were identified in students’ statements regarding communicating knowledge and social aspects of learning; and interest oriented outcomes were evidenced by students’ expressions about emotions, interest and curiosity. The aggregate data addressed the common outcomes and the impact of class visits to natural history museums in the short term. Comparisons between two types of museums show significant differences in several aspects, regarding the exhibit and/or the activity type. Practical ideas for structuring the ultimate experience are included.     

高职营销策划专业“四阶循环”培养模式研究

工学结合是提高高等职业教育质量的有效途径,校企合作又是开展工学结合的有效路径。开展以"校企互动,工学结合,分段导入,逐层契合,四阶推进,全程循环"为特征的人才培养模式是一种有益的探索与实践。     

虚拟学习社区中学习者归属感的培养

随着网络技术在教育中的不断应用,虚拟学习社区悄然诞生,有关虚拟学习社区的研究在不断的深入。文章在界定虚拟学习社区学习者归属感之概念内涵的基础上,针对虚拟学习社区中学习者归属感的影响因素进行了分析,并提出培养虚拟学习社区中学习者归属感的措施,旨在营造网络环境下良好的社区学习氛围,以加强学习者间的互动并促进学习效果。     

手机教育游戏的价值和设计原则探讨

随着移动终端的发展、教育游戏的日趋完善,将手机游戏引入教育领域必定会掀起一股娱乐教育的热潮。文章尝试提出手机教育游戏的定义,分析其教育价值,并从开发应用角度、教育学习角度、游戏娱乐角度三个角度阐述手机教育游戏的设计原则,最后展望了其发展前景。     

基于信息增强的多视角矩阵分类器设计

由于受限于人工成本,很多现实世界中的多视角数据集是由少量有标签样本和大量无标检样本组成的。当前传统的多视角矩阵分类器无法有效处理这类数据集。为了处理这个问题,将Universum学习引入多视角矩阵分类器中,提出基于信息增强的多视角矩阵分类器。由于Universum学习可以生成额外的无标签样本,这类样本虽然没有被指定类别标签,但是包含了部分有标签样本的信息,所以Universum学习可以增强有效样本信息。实验表明,相比于传统的多视角矩阵分类器,本文提出的基于信息增强的多视角矩阵分类器具有更好的分类性能。     

Introduction to the special issue on teaching and learning in information retrieval

We present an overview of the special issue in this paper. The main objective is to provide information for lecturers on how to improve the student experience, using current knowledge in the field. To this end we present an overview of six papers covering areas as diverse as tools and methods used to support teaching and learning, pedagogical challenges in teaching mathematics for search, etc.     

语言知识在日语听力理解策略运用中的重要性

针对目前如何有效提高日语听解能力的问题,本文结合心理语言学的研究成果,分析语言知识在日语听力理解学习策略运用中的重要性。认为应加强日语单词听觉词汇的记忆,培养有效切分句群的能力,并把握日语篇章标志语、类型结构及日语陈述副词,做出有效预测,从而提高提高日语听解能力。