21世纪体育教师基本素质构成要素的研究

采用文献资料法、专家调查法、问卷调查法,对２１世纪体育教师的基本素质进行研究,指出：思想政治道德素质是献身体育教育事业的思想基础;知识素质是体育教师取得劳动成果的先决条件;能力素质是体育教师开展教学活动必具备的条件,身体心理素质是体育教师培养全面发展人才的外在表现形式。     

赛艇运动员有氧能力的测试

以１４名女子赛艇运动员为受试者，分别在跑台、自行车和赛艇测功仪上以一次最大负荷和递增负荷方式对其进行了有氧能力测量。根据测量结果，作者建议赛艇测功仪是赛艇运动员最大吸氧量测量的首选负荷器；一次最大负荷更能准确地测出赛艇运动员的最大吸氧量；同时测出的实际耗氧量占最大吸氧量的百分比在评价赛艇运动员有氧训练水平时较ＶＡＴ、ＬＡＴ更有价值。     

山东省优秀散打运动员有氧能力的研究

目的：探讨山东省优秀散打运动员有氧能力的特点。方法：对山东省优秀散打运动员（实验组）（n=27,其中健将级运动员5人,国家一级运动员22人）以及对照组（n=19,均为二级运动员）的肺功能、心血管功能、最大吸氧量、血乳酸以及身体成分等指标进行比较分析。结果：1）实验组具有高的瘦体重和瘦体重/体脂（P〈0.05）。2）实验组的最大吸氧量无论是其绝对值还是相对值均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。3）实验组和对照组在安静状态下的血乳酸均无显著性差异;但定量负荷后即刻实验组表现出较低的血乳酸值,而对照组则表现出较高的血乳酸值（P〈0.05）。结论：优秀散打运动员具有较高的有氧能力。     

NRF1基因多态性可预测中国北方地区汉族男性有氧能力的差异

目的：拟探讨核呼吸因子1（NRF1）基因多态性与最大（VO2max）和次最大有氧能力（running economy，RE）的关联性。方法：102名无训练史的健康男子进行18周有氧耐力训练，测试训练前后的VO2 max和12km／h跑速下的RE。用FCR-RFLP分析NRF1基因的SNPrs2302970、rs6949152和rs10500120多态性。结果：3个多态位点均符合H—W平衡（P〉0．05）。rs2302970与rs6949152强连锁不平衡（D’=0．950，12=0．631），经haplo．em推算，主要存在4种单体型；3个SNPs及单体型与VO2max的初始值及训练敏感性均不关联；RE的初始能力与rs2302970多态性关联，携带CT基因型的群体显著高于CC基因型。RE的训练敏感性与rs2302970和rs6949152多态性关联，携带CT或AG基因型的群体显著高于CC或AA基因型。结论：NRF1基因多态性能够预测中国北方地区汉族男性次最大有氧能力的差异。     

游泳训练对Ⅱ型糖尿病Wistar大鼠肠系膜动脉舒张功能改善作用的研究

目的:通过建立wistar大鼠Ⅱ型糖尿病动物模型,观察Ⅱ型糖尿病(T2DM)模型大鼠,经游泳训练后肠系膜动脉舒张功能的变化,并探讨其内在影响机制。方法:实验材料wistar大鼠60只,造模完成后随机分成3组:正常对照组(CON),Diabetes模型组(DI),游泳运动组(SEX),每组15只。进行游泳训练共计8周。结果:T2DM可造成肠系膜动脉血管舒张功能降低(P<0.05),且存在内皮依赖性。舒张功能的降低与eNOS-NO系统活性降低直接相关。游泳训练可有效维持内皮依赖性舒张功能(P<0.05),其上调eNOS-NO系统。另外,T2DM造成的eNOS-NO系统活性降低与该系统上游蛋白PI-3K,Akt降低有关,且在加入上游蛋白抑制剂(PI-3K)LY294002及eNOS阻断剂L-NAME后保护效应消失。结论:游泳训练能改善T2DM wistar大鼠肠系膜舒动脉舒张功。其内在保护作用可能是通过部分激活PI-3K-Akt-eNOS信号通路而实现。     

速滑运动员赛前训练阶段IgG、IgM、IgA及IL-2、IL-6水平变化分析

为了了解我国优秀速滑运动员赛前阶段的机体免疫情况。对齐齐哈尔市冬季运动项目管理中心速滑队的8名女子1500m项目运动员赛前训练阶段的IgG、IgM、IgA及IL-2、IL-6的水平进行测定。结果显示,IgM在赛前第二周下降可能与IL-2的降低、皮质醇的升高有关。sIL-2R浓度的升高中和活化了的T淋巴细胞周围的IL-2,降低IL-2介导的免疫反应,使T淋巴细胞逐渐静息,导致机体免疫功能受到抑制。处于应激状态的特定环境之中,以及免疫功能失调均可使IL-6的分泌水平升高;从肌源性IL-6的角度分析,IL-6的逐渐升高也可能与速滑运动员的运动负荷增加和滑行的肌肉收缩方式有关。皮质醇含量逐渐上升,可能与调控IL-2降低其水平有关。     

爆发力训练与有氧耐力评价指标的相关性研究

为研究同时进行爆发力训练与有氧耐力训练所产生的效果,本研究以14名耐力运动员为实验组(E)、14名耐力运动员为控制组(C)进12周的训练,实验组除15%爆发力训练代替传统耐力训练外,其余训练内容相同。结果发现:5 km跑成绩与RE在实验组明显提高(P<0.05),控制组无差异;5 J在实验组有非常显著性提高(P<0.01),控制组下降显著(P<0.05);VO2max在控制组显著性提高(P<0.01),对实验组变化不明显。混合控制组与实验组数据发现:5km跑时间与RE存在中度负相关(r=-0.54)。结论:同时进行爆发力与耐力训练在不改变VO2max的情况下可以提高5 km跑的成绩。     

Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to performance in selected physical tests

Abstract

The aims of the present study were (1) to analyse the physical demands of top-class referees and (2) to compare their official FIFA fitness test results with physical performance during a match. The work rate profiles of 11 international referees were assessed during 12 competitive matches at the 2003 FIFA Under-17 World Cup and then analysed using a bi-dimensional photogrammetric video analysis system based on direct lineal transformation (DLT) algorithms. In the first 15 min of matches, the referees were more active, performing more high-intensity exercise (P < 0.01) than in the first 15 min of the second half. During the second half of matches, the referees covered a shorter distance (P < 0.01), spent more time standing still (P < 0.05), and covered less ground cruising (P < 0.05), sprinting (P < 0.05), and moving backwards (P < 0.001) than in the first half. Also in the second 45 min, the distance of referees from infringements increased (P < 0.05) in the left attacking zone of the filed. There was also a decrease (P < 0.05) in performance in the period following the most high-intensity activity, compared with the mean for the 90 min. Time spent performing high-intensity activities during a match was not related to performance in the 12-min run (r ² = 0.30; P < 0.05), the 200-m sprint (r ² = 0.05; P < 0.05), or the 50-m sprint (r ² = 0.001; P < 0.05). The results of this study show that: (1) top-class referees experienced fatigue at different stages of the match, and (2) the typical field tests used by FIFA (two 50-m and 200-m sprints, followed by a 12-min run) are not correlated with match activities.     

Heart rate prescribed walking training improves cardiorespiratory fitness but not glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of a supervised, heart rate intensity prescribed walking training programme on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. After receiving local ethics approval, 27 individuals (21 males, 6 females) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an experimental (“walking”) or control group. Participants completed a Balke-Ware test to determine peak heart rate, peak oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O_2peak), and peak gradient. The walking group then completed a 7-week (four sessions a week) supervised, heart rate prescribed walking training programme, whereas the control group continued daily life. After training, participants completed another Balke-Ware test. Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were measured at rest. The results showed that walking training elicited 80% (s = 2) of peak heart rate and a rating of perceived exertion of 11 (s = 1). Peak heart rate and [Vdot]O_2peak were higher in the walking than in the control group after training (P < 0.05). Based on the peak gradient before training, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and there was a strong trend for [Vdot]O₂ (P = 0.09) and heart rate (P = 0.09) to be lower after training at the same gradient in the walking compared with the control group. These improvements increased walking peak gradient by 5 min (s = 4 min) compared with the control (P < 0.05). There was no change in fasting blood glucose or glycosylated haemoglobin after training. Despite no change in glycaemic control, heart rate prescribed walking improved peak and sub-maximal cardiorespiratory responses. The beneficial adaptations support the use of heart rate monitoring during walking in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Alterations in Strength and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Consequent to Nautilus Circuit Weight Training

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Nautilus circuit weight training program on muscular strength and maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ max) by comparing these effects to those produced by adhering to either a free weight (FW) strength training program or a running (R) program. Male college students who voluntarily enrolled in either a FW training class (n = 11), a Nautilus (N) circuit weight training class (n= 12), or a R conditioning class (n= 13) were subjects for this investigation. All groups participated in their respective programs 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Strength was assessed using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer set at an angular velocity of 60° · s ^?1 and a damping of 2. The FW group served as the control group for the assessment of [Vdot]O ₂ max changes, while the R group served as controls for the assessment of strength differences. ANCOVA revealed that the N and R groups experienced significant (p < .01) increases in [Vdot]O ₂ max expressed in L · min ^?1 (10.9 and 11.4%), ml · kg ^?1 · min ^?1 (10.8 and 11.7%), and ml · kgLBW ^?1 · min ^?1 (7.1 and 7.5%) when compared to the FW group. There were no significant differences between the N and R groups. There were no significant differences among groups in final peak torque values (after covariance), and torque at the beginning and end of the range of motion for the knee extensors, knee flexors, elbow extensors, and elbow flexors. In general, isokinetic strength values elicited by the N group compared favorably to those generated by the FW group. It was concluded that for a training period of short duration, Nautilus circuit weight training appears to be an equally effective alternative to standard free weight (strength) and aerobic (endurance) training programs for untrained individuals.