Examining the “Blanket of Protection” Conferred by Inoculation: The Effects of Inoculation Messages on the Cross-protection of Related Attitudes

Although the effectiveness of inoculation as a strategy for promoting resistance to attitude change is fairly well established, the potential of inoculation messages to offer cross-protection for related, but untreated, attitudes warrants additional attention from scholars. The reported study tested the “blanket of protection” conferred by inoculation. Participants (N = 118) were randomly assigned to read an inoculation message addressing a target topic and subsequently had their attitudes toward three related, but untreated, topics attacked. The results offer some evidence that inoculation messages can confer cross-protection for related attitudes. Participants in the inoculation condition reported greater perceptions of threat, greater counterarguing, and less attitude change in response to attacks than participants in the control condition for two of the three untreated topics. Counterarguing in response to attacks on untreated attitudes appears to be primarily responsible for cross-protection.     

The different faces of controlling teaching: implications of a distinction between externally and internally controlling teaching for students’ motivation in physical education

Background: In Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a well-validated macro-theory on human motivation, a distinction is made between internally controlling teaching practices (e.g. guilt-induction and shaming) and externally controlling practices (e.g. threats and punishments, commands). While both practices are said to undermine students’ motivation, they would do so through somewhat differential motivational processes. Unfortunately, the relevance of the conceptual distinction between internally and externally controlling strategies has not been examined systematically. In the context of sport and physical education (PE), most studies on controlling teaching have either measured controlling teaching in an undifferentiated way or have focused on one particular feature of controlling teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a more fine-grained picture on the differential de-motivational effects of internally and externally controlling teaching strategies in the domain of PE.

Participants: A total of 925 students with an average age of 15.80 years (±1.99) coming out of 92 classes taught by 22 different PE teachers participated in the present study.

Data analysis: Data on perceived controlling teaching style and students’ motivation were analyzed within a multilevel framework from both a variable-centered (regression analyses) and person-centered approach (cluster analyses).

Results: We found evidence for a distinction between perceived internally and externally controlling teaching. Both teaching styles were strongly related to each other (r?=?.54). At the level of zero-order correlations, both internally and externally controlling teaching related negatively to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation and related positively to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. However, when both teaching styles were included simultaneously as predictors of motivation in the regression analyses, only internally controlling teaching predicted poor quality and low quantity of motivation. A cluster analysis revealed different profiles of perceived controlling teaching style, with two profiles being characterized by either high or low levels of the two types of controlling teaching and other profiles displaying elevated or reduced levels of one of the types of controlling teaching. This person-centered analysis confirmed that particularly students who perceive their PE teacher as internally controlling are likely to report poor-quality motivation.

Conclusion: Controlling teaching (and internally controlling teaching in particular) is related to maladaptive motivational outcomes. As such, it can be advised to PE-practitioners to refrain from using controlling strategies when teaching students. More research is needed to identify the conditions under which teachers’ behavior is perceived as externally and/or internally controlling.     

语用模糊的认知分析

语用模糊就是交际过程中的交际参与者对意义的表述或者解释不确定的种种现象。文章从认知视角,用关联理论(Relevance Theory)和空间复合理论(Space Blending Theory)对语用模糊现象进行分析探讨,以解释言语交际中出现的语用模糊的认知心理过程。     

企业经营者和生产者尽忠问题的动态博弈分析

本文在对不完全信息下的股东与经营者、经营者与生产者之间的动态行为进行了博弈分析,揭示了促使经营者尽力和生产者用心的机制。     

论荀子礼法秩序建构思想及其现代意义

荀子是中国先秦时期一位卓越的思想家,他率先提出了礼法思想,为中国几千年的封建制度提供了理论指导和基本模式。从秩序建构的角度来看,荀子的礼法思想包括三个方面,即“中央集权”的政体模式、“德主刑辅”的法制模式、“混合型”的礼法运行模式,从而形成了一个完整的社会秩序建构理论体系。荀子的礼法秩序建构思想对于当前我国秩序构建具有一定的借鉴意义。     

多元智能理论的评价观及其对我国幼儿发展评价的启示

多元智能理论是一种全新的有关人类智能结构的理论。其评价观及其对我国幼儿发展评价的启示是：评价要以帮助幼儿发展为主要目的；评价内容和评价标准应多元化；评价是情境化的，是幼儿学习情境的一部分。     

语用顺应论与旅游翻译

以Verschueren的顺应论为理论框架,着重探讨语用顺应对旅游翻译的影响。通过实例分析,指出译语的选择应顺应原语的内涵,在译入语的表达方式上作出恰当的选择,顺应语境才能避免出现信患传递障碍。     

论旅游目的地营销的利益相关者

本文对旅游目的地营销中涉及到的利益相关者进行了初步研究。目的地营销利益相关者主要包括目的地旅游管理部门、旅游企业、旅游行业组织、目的地社区、目标市场等,它们有不同的利益,并对目的地营销实施产生不同的影响。目的地营销管理应重视对利益相关者的管理,对特殊的利益相关者群体采取特殊的策略,并建立平衡他们之间冲突的一般准则。     

邓小平的价值认识论刍议

邓小平提出的“猫论”是一种全新的马克思主义价值认识论,它体现了求真认识和价值认识的统一,为我们观察、研究事物开辟了一个新的视角,它是邓小平认识论的灵魂,是邓小平理论的实质。对于社会主义现代化建设具有普遍的方法论意义。     

葛梯尔反例与实践确证的知识论

葛梯尔反例吹响了挑战知识的传统三元定义(JTB)的号角。现有的方案虽然提出了一些有意义的观点,但都未能完满解决葛梯尔问题。实践确证的知识论把"实践"纳入知识根据的范围,区分了主观根据与客观根据,厘清了信念与知识的根本区别,合理地回答了葛梯尔反例引发的一系列重大问题,为进一步研究认知逻辑打下了基础。