Parent-Provider Communication and Antibiotic Prescribing for Pediatric Ear Infections

Rising rates of antibiotic-resistant infections make reducing unnecessary antibiotic use for outpatient illness a key public health issue. This study examines the association between parent-provider communication and rates of antibiotic prescribing for their children’s ear infections. Participants (N = 70) were recruited from parents of patients (6 months–12 years) at a medical center whose children were diagnosed with ear infections or had ear symptoms with an upper respiratory tract diagnosis. Results showed that parent self-reports of going into great detail and asking many questions about their children’s symptoms were associated with greater antibiotic prescribing, as was not insisting on a particular test or treatment. Further, antibiotic prescribing was less likely when parents reported that providers encouraged them to offer opinions about the child’s medical treatment. Findings suggest that communication skills training is needed for both patients and providers to minimize potential misinterpretations and thereby avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescribing.     

Effect of increasing duration of diabetes mellitus type 2 on glycated hemoglobin and insulin sensitivity

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is the most rapidly growing chronic metabolic disorder in the world. With advancement in the age and duration of diabetes there is a gradual tendency for the level of blood sugar to rise along with a subsequent increase in the HbA1c as well as in the fasting insulin level. Whether this is an aging process or increased frequency of diabetes is still controversial. The correlation between glucose and insulin sensitivity is consistent with the idea that the degree of chronic hyperglycemia is a cause of excessive insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, i.e. the insulin resistance which characterizes type 2 diabetes but not nondiabetic subjects matched for age, gender, family history and duration of diabetes. The study comprised a total of 76 subjects out of which 30 were normal, non-diabetic persons and the rest 46 were diabetics with different duration of time in years, after being diagnosed diabetic. Data was analyzed after dividing the subjects into four groups—Group 1 comprised of one year old diabetics, Group 2 was made up of those, who had diabetes, for the past 2–5 years, Group 3 included patients who were diabetic since more than 5 years and Group 4 included non-diabetics as the normal control group. The results obtained indicated that the HbA1c levels showed a significant increase with the duration of diabetes as well as the insulin level showed a significant correlation after adjustment for age, sex and duration of diabetes.     

碱性化学镀Ni－Cu－P工艺研究

通过正交试验,以硫酸镍和硫酸铜为主盐、次磷酸钠为还原剂研究了铝片表面的化学镀Ni－Cu－P工艺,其最优工艺配方为：硫酸镍25 g／L,硫酸铜2．0 g／L,次亚磷酸钠24 g／L,柠檬酸钠45 g／L,硫脲2．5mg／L,NaF 0．15 g／L,OP－100．8 mg／L,pH值9,温度70℃,施镀时间40min。通过耐硝酸变色试验检测了沉积层的抗蚀性,并讨论了沉积层抗蚀性的影响因素。     

A case study of the mis-management of educational change: an interpretation from an affective standpoint

The paper describes a case study of the development and implementation of a policy to monitor teachers’ classroom practice in a secondary comprehensive school in Wales, UK. The change process is interpreted from an affective standpoint to explain how the experience of feelings and emotions shapes organisational practice. In particular, the interpretation illustrates how affective experience may influence the distinction between espoused and in use theories, which may in turn have an effect on individual and organisational resistance to change and the success of the implementation. Differences between espoused and in use theories may increase both organisational anxiety and resistance in a self-sustaining cycle. We argue that when the anxieties and emotions of organising in schools are allowed to surface in the change process and are reflected upon, the espoused and in use theories are more likely to correspond and organisational anxiety and resistance to change to decrease.     

Reduced glycodeoxycholic acid levels are associated with negative clinical outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is characterized by glycemia and insulin disorders.Bile acids(BAs) have emerged as vital signaling molecules in glucose metabolic regulation.BA change in GDM is still unclear,which exerts great significance to illustrate the change of BAs in GDM.GDM patients and normal pregnant women were enrolled during the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) screening period.Fasting serums were sampled for the measurement of BAs.BA metabolism profiles were analyzed in both pregnant women with GDM and those with normal glucose tolerance(NGT).Delivery characteristics,delivery gestational age,and infant birthweight were extracted from medical records.GDM patients presented distinctive features compared with NGT patients,including higher body mass index(BMI),elevated serum glucose concentration,raised insulin(both fasting and OGTT),and increased hemoglobin A1 c(HbA1c) levels.Higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) and decreased β-cell compensation(i.e.,oral disposition index(DIo)) were also prevalent in this group.Total BAs(TBAs) remained stable,but glycodeoxycholic acid(GDCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA) levels declined significantly in GDM.GDCA was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR and positively correlated with DIo.No obvious differences in clinical outcome between the GDM and NGT groups were observed.However,GDM patients with high HOMA-IR and low DIo tended to have a higher cesarean delivery rate and younger delivery gestational age.In conclusion,GDCA provides a valuable biomarker to evaluate HOMA-IR and DIo, and decreased GDCA levels predict poorer clinical outcomes for GDM.     

大豆资源对食叶性害虫抗性的差异反应及种质鉴定

本研究在田间自然虫源条件下,以叶面积损失百分率为指标,分别于１９９７ 年和１９９８ 年鉴定了从６７２４ 份大豆资源中筛选获得的４６ 份抗感材料及５ 份江淮与南方大豆推广良种共５１ 份对食叶性害虫综合虫种的抗性差异表现。结果表明,区组间、品种间、记录日期间、年份间抗虫性有极显著差异;品种与记录日期间互作、品种与年份互作极显著;年份之间抗虫性表现极显著相关。综合１９９３ ～１９９６ 年历年田间抗性鉴定结果,从供试的大豆资源中筛选出一套对食叶性害虫表现综合抗性或综合感性的标准品种,可用于以后的抗性分级     

肥胖影响因素与有氧锻炼

本文从肥胖基因（ob基因）、胰岛素、脂肪细胞三方面探讨肥胖产生的原因,以及有氧锻炼对这些因素的影响。     

中老年大学教师身体机能状况的观察

我们通过身体成分和心血管等１５个指标对太原地区３７８名４０～６９岁大学教师分三个年龄组进行比较,发现 ５０～５９岁年龄组大学教师的体脂百分比和超体脂百分比最高,心血管功能也差,是造成他们身体机能状况差、健康水平低、易患病的主要原因,并针对性地提出了建议。     

肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与运动

大量研究表明胰岛素抵抗与多种疾病有着密切的关系,因此胰岛素抵抗被认为是当今影响人体健康的最主要代谢性疾病。肥胖与胰岛素抵抗（IR）有明显关系,证据已表明肥胖可以导致IR。IR被认为是当今影响人体健康的最主要代谢性疾病。在现有的防治手段中,长期运动锻炼是预防和治疗胰岛素非敏感性的重要部分。就近年来对肥胖、IR以及运动对其影响的研究加以综述。     

抗战时期我国的图书及图书馆事业

概述了抗日战争前我国图书馆业的概况、日本侵华战争给我国图书馆事业带来的难以估量的损失,以及在战争中我国图书馆工作者在艰难的西迁中,为抢救和保存图书所作出的巨大努力和贡献。