法国国家图书馆的图书保护探析

法国国家图书馆对图书有一套科学的保护方法 :新书的初始化处理 ,图书质量的终身跟踪 ,图书藏用环境的优化 ,消毒技术的现代化 ,去酸技术的半工业化 ,数字保护和修复技术。表 1。参考文献 1。     

洋务运动与明治维新教育改革中的功利主义

同为东方文化圈的中国和日本几乎在同一时期分别经历了一场改革运动。但改革的最终结果却相去甚远，日本从此走上了国富民强之路，而中国却越来越颓败。通过对比两国的改革运动，我们可以发现很多的差异，这些差异或许就是导致两国改革运动产生截然相反结果的根本原因。从功利主义的角度。探讨洋务运动教育改革中所表现出的极度的功利主义思想，并对两国教育改革进行比较和分析。可以对洋务运动教育改革失败的原因进行初步的探讨。     

20th century artists’ oil paints: The case of the Olii by Lucio Fontana

During the 20th century, many innovative binders have been rapidly introduced to the art world and soon became popular as artists’ paints and pictorial media. However, despite the advantages that new synthetic materials presented, oil paints have never been entirely substituted. Indeed, this paper focuses on the results provided by the scientific analysis of a group works from the oeuvre of Lucio Fontana (1899–1968), all of which created between 1960 and 1964 using oil-based media, and aims to illustrate how oils contained in the pictorial media have influenced these works’ respective ageing and degradation processes. Despite the apparent coherence in the behaviour of many of Fontana's creations, some artworks revealed discrepancies in terms of the physical and mechanical behaviour of the pictorial films and in alterations resulting from degradation processes. Samples taken from case studies belonging to the Olii and Fine di Dio series were analysed using optical microscopy, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to study and identify the materials employed by the artist and the products of their degradation processes. These analyses gave unexpected but useful results (such as the presence of non-drying or slow-drying oils in the paint formulations) which not only provided us with new insight into the nature of the constituent materials, but also facilitated the elaboration of correct conservation measures and suitable restoration interventions.     

退耕还湖后菜子湖湿地土壤剖面有机碳分布变化

退耕还湖是我国长江中下游地区湿地生态恢复的重要举措,土壤有机碳是评价湿地生态功能恢复的重要组成部分。本文选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10、20a)和退耕后不同植被群落(苔草、芦苇和酸模)湿地土壤为研究对象,揭示退耕还湖后退耕年限和植被类型对湿地土壤有机碳恢复的影响。结果表明:随退耕年限的增加,湿地土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加,但土壤有机碳密度随退耕年限增加呈"升高―降低―升高"的趋势,总体比油菜地高出61.5%~82.3%;不同植被类型下土壤剖面(0~55 cm)有机碳含量表现为:芦苇(8.90g/kg)苔草(8.84g/kg)酸模(5.84g/kg),芦苇土壤剖面有机碳含量随土层深度增加而变化幅度小于苔草和酸模;不同植被类型下土壤剖面(0~55 cm)有机碳密度呈现出芦苇(7.92 kg/m2)苔草(7.42 kg/m2)酸模(5.01 kg/m2)。结果分析表明退耕还湖后菜子湖湿地植被恢复和理化性质变化促进土壤有机碳含量及其密度变化,而苔草、芦苇和酸模土壤剖面土壤有机碳恢复不一致,芦苇对土壤剖面有机碳密度提升能力最强。     

海洋生态修复中的产业替代理论研究

加强海洋的生态修复和保护、调整优化海洋的产业结构是确保海洋经济可持续发展的关键。从海洋的生态经济系统分析切入,在传统的生产函数模型的基础上构建了海洋产业替代模型,并将生态因子引入到调整后的海洋产业替代模型中进行分析,探讨了海洋生态修复中的产业转型和产业替代的价值转化,并在此基础上进一步研究了多个替代产业之间的投资分配问题,提出海洋产业结构优化的投资决策,为海洋经济的发展提供了政策指导。     

Analysis of the restoration of an historical organ: The case study of the Cavaillé-Coll organ of La Merced Church in Burgos,Spain

Abstract

The restoration of the Cavaillé-Coll Romantic organ housed in La Merced Church of Burgos, Spain is described in this paper. The organ was affected by a fire that took place in the church. The effect of the fire on the pipes differed depending on their location within the instrument. A combination of analytical techniques (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, particle-induced X-ray emission, metallography, and specific density) allowed the accurate determination of the microstructures and compositions of the alloys used to make the different pipes of the organ, some of which had a high tin content and others which had a high lead content. The most damaged pipes were replaced by reconstructed pipes made out of metallic sheets of the same composition as the originals, to ensure a historically accurate sound.     

从道光二十四年诺们罕案件看《钦定藏内善后章程》

乾隆五十三年（1788）廓尔喀兴兵入侵后藏,五十六年（1791）第二次入侵,这战争暴露清朝治理西藏问题,因而乾隆五十七年（1792）颁布《钦定藏内善后章程》,此章程规定藏内诸事应统归驻藏大臣管理,由驻藏大臣整顿边防、吏治、财税各方面。道光二十四年（1844）发生诺们罕被控案件．呈显《钦定藏内善后章程》的执行问题。诺们罕担任达赖喇嘛商上摄政,扩大职权侵欺达赖喇嘛商上库银以及田庄,而聚集财富于他私人的祝庆寺。任用职官方面,诺们罕从未与驻藏大臣协商,纵容属下勒索喇嘛。又,诺们罕私自给商民照票,让他们往来西藏与边境的贸易。清朝政府按照喇嘛例文六条“喇嘛等犯罪令先革退喇嘛”,将他剥除袈裟革退。诺们罕诸多贪渎罪状,并没按照《大清律例》监守官吏侵盗仓库银两一千两以上例,斩监候处决．仅将他发遣黑龙江。这案件所呈显清朝对西藏的宗教政策,值得进一步讨论。     

Italian technical literature in the field of architectural restoration: The case study of the Historic Memories about the Vatican Church by Giovanni Poleni

This paper provides a theoretical, methodological, and practical contribution to the debate about strategies for the divulgation of the Italian technical literature of the eighteenth century in English-speaking countries with attention to the Italian universities and cultural institutions of the time. The paper contains a survey of the historical bibliography of contemporary translations of non-technical treatises of architecture in the English language and it proceeds to draw up a set of guidelines (decalogue) of different recently proposed methodologies and strategies. It describes the selection of the treatise to translate, relevant to the context and authoritative knowledge in the European scientific background of the eighteenth century; it continues by proposing a synopsis of the original text in the Italian modern language, a strategy used in order to make historical technical treatises accessible to the contemporary scientific Italian language. Approaches and strategies are experimented with in the case study of Historic Memories about the Great Dome of the Vatican Church (Le Memorie Istoriche della Gran Cupola Vaticana) by Giovanni Poleni, one of the most authoritative scholars of eighteenth-century Europe.     

黄遵选与日本

黄遵选与《日本国志》和《日本杂事诗》,对日本明治维新的情况进行了全面、详细的介绍,为中国近代的维新变法运动提供了蓝本,是戊戌变法的理论基础和思想基础。黄遵宪在了解日本的同时也在改造自己,日本明治维新后的巨变促使他发生了根本性的变化。他既与爱好和平的日本人民结下了深厚的友谊,也对日本的侵略性有非常深刻的认识。在对外交上主张对日本采取强硬政策：趁“今日本国势未定,兵力未强,与日争衡,犹可克也”。否则,“隐忍容之,养虎坐大,热将不可复制”。     

明治启蒙思想家的中国论

明治初年，福泽谕吉、津田真道、西周等启蒙思想家认为儒学不仅是落后于时代的虚学，而且也是一种维护封建等级制度的意识形态。明治启蒙思想家由痛恨儒学发展到轻视中国。在他们的笔下，清末的中国人被描绘成一个保守、排外、性格残忍的民族，在社会上造成了一种蔑视中国的风气。但是，福泽谕吉独具慧眼，对中日两国的社会结构加以比较研究，得出了一个新颖的观点：即由于中国社会的权力和权威都集于皇帝一身，所以人们头脑僵化，缺乏社会改革的契机。