多输入模糊控制系统的输出

文章讨论有多输入的模糊控制系统的输出问题。模糊控制系统的规则库是由规则函数所确定的．如果Mamdani型模糊控制器的输入及输出空间采用三角模糊划分，则当采用较常用的模糊控制算法时该控制器的系统输出可简单地表示成系统输入的函数，从而使模糊控制算法的设计及数学分析得以简化。     

冲突与融合:伊斯兰教初传新疆的文化考察

伊斯兰教最早是在喀喇汗王朝时期大规模地传入新疆的,古代新疆的多宗教并存格局和喀喇汗王朝当时的政治环境都为伊斯兰教的传播提供了有利的条件。喀喇汗王朝时期的文学作品的语言、写作方式和内容都反映出伊斯兰文化和当地居民原有文化的冲突与融合,正是这些文学作品呈现出来的文化碰撞、交融痕迹见证了新疆伊斯兰教独特体系的形成过程。     

我国货币政策调控的验证与未来走势判断——基于经典货币政策规则的分析视角

本文运用麦卡勒姆规则原式和泰勒规则原式对当前及过去一段时期我国的货币政策调控进行了检验,并对下一步走势进行了分析判断。结果表明,两种规则均能很好地衡量中国的货币政策,对政策调控具有较强的指示价值。通过对当前实际值与规则值的比较以及领先期规则值的计算分析,文章认为前一阶段稳健货币政策已经取得了较好的效果,当前货币条件较为适中,紧缩周期结束,但短期内政策放松的条件并不具备。下一阶段政策或有微调,但稳健取向不会改变。     

低碳的价值论维度及其当代启示

"低碳"是人类对传统经济发展方式及其造成的生态环境后果进行反思的产物,是现代人类经济社会发展的必然选择,关涉人类的根本利益和长远利益。低碳蕴含着丰富的价值论纬度。低碳的价值论解读,对于我们扬弃旧的生态价值观、树立新的生态价值观具有重要启示。我们必须以科学发展观为指导,树立新的生态价值观。新的生态价值观必须坚持以人为本;必须尊重自然法则,科学认识和处理人与自然的关系;必须尊重社会规律,实现自然生态与社会生态的和谐统一。     

Conflict style differences between individualists and collectivists

This study investigated the fundamental beliefs regarding cross-cultural differences in conflict styles. The sample consisted of 188 graduate students from 31 different countries residing in the U.S. Findings indicated that assumptions regarding the relationship of culture to conflict style preferences may not be valid. Preference for using five conflict styles were measured: avoiding, obliging, integrating, compromising, and dominating. The integrating style is generally the most preferred; obliging and avoiding are next, followed by compromising and dominating. Avoiding is preferred by individualists rather than by collectivists. Individualists do not differ from collectivists in their preference for the dominating conflict style. We also found that collectivists prefer compromising and integrating more than individualists do, whereas individualism-collectivism had no significant linear effect on preference for the obliging style. Conflict styles are highly multidimensional for both individualists and collectivists. Even though the five conflict styles can be subsumed under four types, the items measuring the five styles cannot be generated from any two-dimensional typology. Finally, the meaning of four of the five styles is different for individualists and collectivists: Dominating is the only style interpreted similarly by both groups. Areas for future research are considered.     

Face and facework in conflict: a cross-cultural comparison of China,Germany, Japan,and the United States

The purpose of the current study was to investigate face and facework during conflicts across four national cultures: China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in the 4 national cultures, in their respective languages, to measure 3 face concerns and 11 facework behaviors. The major findings of the current study are as follows: (a) self-construals had the strongest effects on face concerns and facework with independence positively associated with self-face and dominating facework and interdependence positively associated with other- and mutual-face and integrating and avoiding facework; (b) power distance had small, positive effects on all three face concerns and avoiding and dominating facework; (c) individualistic, small-power distance cultures had less other-face concern and avoiding facework, and more dominating facework than collectivistic, large-power distance cultures; (d) Germans had more self- and mutual-face concerns and used defending more than U.S. Americans; (e) Chinese had more self-face concern and involved a third party more than Japanese; and (f) relational closeness and status only had small effects on face concerns and facework behavior.     

论跨境环境损害民事责任的法律适用——以冲突规范为研究对象

作为统一实体法规范的国际环境民事责任公约在高度危险活动领域如核能利用、石油污染等发挥着巨大作用,但对于一般环境损害未做任何规定,因此,需要由国内冲突法规范加以调整。由于传统的调整方法——侵权行为地法很难解决当今环境损害中的所有问题,笔者以为在继续追求冲突法正义的同时也应顾及到索赔主体实体利益的保护,于是,有必要考虑新的系属公式如当事人合意选择的法律、对受害人有利的法律等。但仍应赋予侵权行为地法最重要的地位,同时采用选择性冲突规则。     

冷战后欧盟冲突预防政策研究综述

冷战后,冲突预防成为欧盟共同外交安全政策的主要目标。有关冲突预防的一系列官方文件陆续出台,使冲突预防已经成为欧盟共同外交安全政策的重心。欧盟一直以来注重逐步健全冲突预防机构建设,实施早期预警,加强军事能力建设,进行预防外交,推进信任措施建设,加大包括发展援助,睦邻友好等在内的相关政策支持力度,以及加强和国际社会的合作。这样就使欧盟的冲突预防机制逐步得到完善。