The evidence for the impact of policy on physical activity outcomes within the school setting: A systematic review

BackgroundDespite the well-established health benefits of physical activity (PA) for young people (aged 4–19 years), most do not meet PA guidelines. Policies that support PA in schools may be promising, but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.MethodsThis systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy, school, evaluation, and PA. Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies, 25 progressed to data synthesis. Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools, and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes: positive, negative, inconclusive, or untested statistically.ResultsEvidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting. These were whole school PA policy, physical education, sport/extracurricular PA, classroom-based PA, active breaks/recess, physical environment, shared use agreements, active school transport, and surveillance. The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive (54%), 27% was inconclusive, 9% was significantly negative, and 11% was untested (due to rounding, some numbers add to 99% or 101%). Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting (41%), 34% in the secondary setting, and 24% in primary/secondary combined school settings. By policy area, frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA (35%), 17% for physical education, and 12% for whole school PA policy, with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported (2%). Comparing relative strength of evidence, the evidence for shared use agreements, though sparse, was 100% positive, while 60% of the evidence for whole school PA policy, 59% of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA, 57% of the evidence for physical education, 50% of the evidence for PA in classroom, and 50% of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.ConclusionThe current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a “one-size-fits-all” approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice. Greater clarity regarding terminology, measurement, and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.     

运动疲劳状态下GPi/SNr在基底神经节信息整合中的作用

摘要：目的：干预基底神经节直接通路和间接通路,观察运动疲劳后苍白球内侧部（GPi）和黑质网状部（SNr）神经元电活动变化,探讨GPi/SNr在基底神经节信息整合中的作用。方法：选取大鼠建立跑台运动疲劳动物模型,采用不同频率的电刺激干预间接通路,微量注射KA、SCH23390干预直接通路,记录运动疲劳前后GPi/SNr神经元电活动。结果：刺激丘脑底核引起GPi/SNr兴奋性反应的放电频率在一定范围内随刺激频率增大而增大;疲劳组GPi/SNr神经元对变频刺激的反应较安静组增强;增加刺激频率时,GPi/SNr神经元兴奋性反应放电频率减小。特定刺激频率作用下,疲劳组GPi/SNr神经元兴奋性反应比例显著高于安静组（P<0.05）;疲劳组SNr神经元的放电频率显著高于安静组（P<0.05）;疲劳组SNr兴奋性、抑制性反应频率均比GPi高。微量注射KA后,疲劳组抑制性反应比例显著高于安静组（P<0.05）,微量注射非诺多泮后,SNr疲劳组的抑制性反应比例显著高于安静组（P<0.05）,微量注射SCH23390后,疲劳组兴奋性反应比例显著高于安静组（P<0.05）。结论：GPi/SNr作为基底神经节的输出核团,在整合直接、间接通路信息的过程中存在不同的信号处理方式。运动疲劳后,干预间接通路时引起GPi/SNr神经元反应的高频刺激阈值增加,减少STN对GPi/SNr的兴奋性传入可能成为干预运动疲劳间接通路的一种手段。     

他山之石：中美高校课外体育活动课程比较研究

我国青年大学生体质健康水平日益下滑,我国大学现行的体育教学模式已不能满足对大学生综合素质培养的需要,构建新的大学体育活动课程体系有利于扭转大学生体质健康水平下滑的不利局面,也为大学生未来的全面发展做铺垫。采用文献资料法和归纳法对美国大学校园娱乐体育的组织管理机制进行梳理和研究,提出我国大学必须完善体育活动课程组织管理体系、加强体育活动课程制度化管理、拓展学校体育活动课程空间、增加大学体育课堂教学内容、纳入体育课程评价体系、推进体育活动课程有偿化服务等建议,以图为我国大学体育活动课程新体系的建设提供思路。     

幼儿动作技能学习中的游戏干预：基本形式、方法与实施过程

采用文献资料、访谈、观察等研究方法,以动作学习为基点,剖析教师对游戏干预的认识。研究结果：(1)游戏干预的基本形式主要包括两大类,一是根据干预对象人数多少可分为单独干预与集体干预;二是根据教师参与方式可分为参与性干预与非参与性干预;(2)游戏干预的基本方法主要包括以教师自身为媒介的干预方法、以材料为媒介的干预方法,和以同伴为媒介的干预方法,其具体的操作手段主要有言语类和非言语类;(3)游戏干预的实施过程主要包括确定干预必要性、确定干预时机、确定干预形式、选取干预方法、设置干预情境、明确干预评价等六个基本环节。此外,还必须重视梳理学习内容与干预内容、有效地规划干预时间、明确干预目标、匹配幼儿能力、重视师幼互动节奏,以及教师培训等相关事项来保障实施过程。研究价值：基本形式的选择和实施过程是游戏干预成功的重要环节,对它们进行深入细致的研究,既能丰富游戏干预理论,又为后续的实证研究提供相应的理论基础。     

城市社区业主委员会在社区体育发展中的地位、职能与作用

摘要：社区的稳定和发展是整个社会稳定和发展的基础,基于此,主要采用文献资料法、访谈法、个案调查等研究方法,对我国城市基层社区业主委员会在社区体育发展中的地位、职能与作用进行了分析和研究。主要结论：社区业主委员会在城市社区体育发展中要与社区居委会、物业管理公司、开发商、社区内各体育组织发生联系,处于一种部分主导、协调配合的地位;在城市基层社区体育发展中主要有监督、维权、规范以及扩大居民体育参与,提升居民体育意识的职能与作用。监督主要是监督物业管理公司在体育事务方面应尽的义务和提供的服务,以提高其服务质量;维权主要是针对物业管理公司、开发商与其他社区组织可能侵害社区居民的体育权益而言;规范作用主要指业主委员会在促进社区体育发展的规章制度建设、活动组织管理、场地设施管理、经费管理等各项工作方面逐渐步入制度化和法制化的轨道;城市社区业主委员会通过发展社区体育,使社区居民受到了体育熏陶,培养了体育习惯和体育意识,从而扩大了社区居民的体育参与。     

身体活动经济性专题研究述评

摘要：以介绍第63届美国运动医学学会年会、暨第7届运动是良医世界科学大会和能量平衡的基础科学世界大会的主要研究热点为目的。以身体活动经济性专题大会主报告和专题报告为基本思路,并通过PubMed、CNKI 等数据库检索相关文献,对大会基本情况、身体活动经济性专题报告内容、相关主题最新研究成果等内容进行阐述。此次会议的身体活动经济性研究前沿和热点可以为我国运动科学研究和公共医疗健康政策制定提供借鉴。     

α-淀粉酶活性对不对称重力大小与方向的依赖性

手性有左右之分.对于重力,可人为产生左、右手螺旋力.通过光谱学手段,考察不对称重力大小及方向变化对α-淀粉酶活性的影响.结果表明,在1~9 000 g范围内,超重力的增加能够逐渐提高α-淀粉酶活性,并且右手螺旋力比左手螺旋力对于α-淀粉酶活性具有更强的激活作用.考虑到地球天然重力昼夜周期性变化的事实和酶活性对重力大小与方向的依赖性,重力24 h的周期变化可能是昼夜生理节律产生的重要力学原因之一.     

The effectiveness of a 17-week lifestyle intervention on health behaviors among airline pilots during COVID-19

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 17-week, 3-component lifestyle intervention for enhancing health behaviors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsA parallel-group (intervention and control) study was conducted amongst 79 airline pilots over a 17-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention group (n = 38) received a personalized sleep, dietary, and physical activity (PA) program. The control group (n = 41) received no intervention. Outcome measures for sleep, fruit and vegetable intake, PA, and subjective health were measured though an online survey before and after the 17-week period. The changes in outcome measures were used to determine the efficacy of the intervention.ResultsSignificant main effects for time × group were found for International Physical Activity Questionnaire-walk (p = 0.02) and for all other outcome measures (p < 0.01). The intervention group significantly improved in sleep duration (p < 0.01; d = 1.35), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (p < 0.01; d = 1.14), moderate-to-vigorous PA (p < 0.01; d = 1.44), fruit and vegetable intake (p < 0.01; d = 2.09), Short Form 12v2 physical score (p < 0.01; d = 1.52), and Short Form 12v2 mental score (p < 0.01; d = 2.09). The control group showed significant negative change for sleep duration, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, and Short Form 12v2 mental score (p < 0.01).ConclusionResults provide preliminary evidence that a 3-component healthy sleep, eating, and PA intervention elicit improvements in health behaviors and perceived subjective health in pilots and may improve quality of life during an unprecedented global pandemic.     

论毛泽东的主体性思想

毛泽东的主体性思想内涵十分丰富。他的主体性思想贯穿在其哲学思想发展的全过程中,在不同时期呈现出不同的特点。毛泽东一生的实践历程与他对主体性的独特认识与发挥有着密切的联系。     

基于活动课程涵养学生生命气象的实践探索

涵养生命气象的基本载体是课程.因其丰富性、整体性、开放性、实践性、自主性,活动课程在涵养学生生命气象方面发挥着不可替代的作用.活动课程设计与实施强调自主,学生能自定计划、自主组织、自主评价.如此,才能更好地彰显学生的主体性,激发学生的参与热情,才能更好地涵养学生的生命气象.生命气象包括生命状态、生命品质、生命格局三个维...