幼儿动作技能学习中的游戏干预：基本形式、方法与实施过程

采用文献资料、访谈、观察等研究方法,以动作学习为基点,剖析教师对游戏干预的认识。研究结果：(1)游戏干预的基本形式主要包括两大类,一是根据干预对象人数多少可分为单独干预与集体干预;二是根据教师参与方式可分为参与性干预与非参与性干预;(2)游戏干预的基本方法主要包括以教师自身为媒介的干预方法、以材料为媒介的干预方法,和以同伴为媒介的干预方法,其具体的操作手段主要有言语类和非言语类;(3)游戏干预的实施过程主要包括确定干预必要性、确定干预时机、确定干预形式、选取干预方法、设置干预情境、明确干预评价等六个基本环节。此外,还必须重视梳理学习内容与干预内容、有效地规划干预时间、明确干预目标、匹配幼儿能力、重视师幼互动节奏,以及教师培训等相关事项来保障实施过程。研究价值：基本形式的选择和实施过程是游戏干预成功的重要环节,对它们进行深入细致的研究,既能丰富游戏干预理论,又为后续的实证研究提供相应的理论基础。     

踢毽子动作发展序列特征研究及案例教学分析

摘要：为了发扬民族传统体育项目的健身锻炼功效、发挥中小学踢毽子活动的育人功能,以及科学探索不同年龄阶段健康个体在学习踢毽子动作时的典型动作特征。采用现代动作学科知识理论研究民族传统体育项目是传承传统文化的具体体现,也是实施体育育人的操作手段。梳理文献资料得出U6—14阶段健康个体典型的动作发展特征,即U6—7阶段的学习运用自我、U8—9阶段的基本动作过程学习、U10—11阶段的基本运动技能的学习和应用,以及U12—14阶段的基本动作技术向专门动作技术过渡。录像观察得出踢毽子活动的动作发展序列特征,即,整体发展序列的5个阶段和4个部位发展序列的不同阶段发展特征。案例教学实验分析了义务教育阶段体育与健康课程标准、教科书、教师用书中关于踢毽子课程设置的客观性,得出U6—7阶段和U10—11阶段踢毽子课程设置难度大。本文揭示了儿童、青少年踢毽子动作的学习与掌握不仅依赖于直接教学,更要关注儿童、青少年的发展;体现儿童、青少年对特定运动项目的学习特征是自然发展的,而不应是学习与训练促成的。     

我国开放式运动技能研究现状及展望

运用文献资料法对近年来我国开放式运动技能研究的相关文献进行整理分析.指出,开放式运动技能研究在我国起步晚、重视程度不高,实践研究水平跟不上理论研究水平;理论研究主要以心理学和生理学为研究角度;实验研究主要集中在篮、网、足等少数项目,研究的深度、专门性和针对性都不够,评价系统不完善.认为,未来研究将深入竞技体育、学校体育、群众体育中,针对不同训练对象、不同训练目的对具体项目的训练原则、方法、手段及评价体系进行研究.     

应用表象训练对分立运动技能学习与保持的实验研究——以背向滑步推铅球和挺身式跳远为例

将表象训练运用于田径分立运动技能教学实践中,结果表明:在田径分立运动技能的教学中,运用表象训练可以促进运动技能的形成与保持,提高教学质量与效果;可最大限度地发挥学生的主观能动性,调动学生的学习兴趣,激发有效的学习动机;可以缓解学生的状态焦虑水平,增强自信心,有利于学生在技能表现中充分发挥自己的表象能力.     

运动技能形成过程的耗散结构理论阐释

从耗散结构系统观角度对运动技能形成过程进行解释,指出此过程存在远离平衡,运动技能突变,运动技能涨落和巨涨落,运动技能耦合以及运动技能获取的无限化5种模式,且每1种模式都有其自身的运动和变化规律。旨在使广大教练员更深刻地理解运动技能形成的内在规律,以期在日后的教学训练过程中给予一定的启示。     

一种全数字双闭环直流调速系统的设计与实现

文章介绍了一种全数字的电流环、转速环双闭环直流调速系统的设计与实现方法。介绍了双闭环直流调速系统的原理,并详细讨论了基于TMS320LF2407的调速系统的设计方法,包括硬件系统的设计、采样周期选择和软件系统设计等等。     

不同类型运动技能保持特征的比较研究

以某大学普通专业107名学生为被试,考察不同类型运动技能的保持特征,并比较其差异。实验设计不同组织水平的武术套路项目(n=62)和皮艇球项目(n=45)。每组被试在完成9周36学时的技能学习任务后进行评分。随后随机分为5个小组,将1~5小组被试随机分配到1,2,6,15,31天的复测中,收集相应时间点的技能保持量,最后绘出保持率曲线。实验研究的结果表明:随着时间间隔的增加,不同组织水平动作技能的保持特征有所不同,并对这些差异存在的可能原因进行理论分析。     

7-10岁男子少年武术运动员动作协调能力发展特征研究

文章运用问卷调查法、实验法、专家评定法、数据统计法,对设计的五项测试动作协调能力指标,在120名7-10岁少年武术运动员和普通学生中进行对比实验分析,研究结果表明:7-10岁少年武术运动员组协调能力发展水平整体高于普通学生组;7-9岁年龄段少年儿童动作协调能力增长速度比较快,9-10岁年龄段是协调能力发展平缓期;7-8岁年龄段是武术运动员听觉肢体协调能力和上下肢体协调能力的突增期,平均增长率在30%以上。     

Effects of a kindergarten-based,family-involved intervention on motor performance ability in 3- to 6-year-old children: the ToyBox-study

This study targeted to examine the effect of the ToyBox-intervention, a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention, aiming to improve preschooler’s energy-related behaviours (e.g., physical activity) on motor performance ability. Physical activity sessions, classroom activities, environmental changes and tools for parents were the components of the 1-year intervention. The intervention and control were cluster-randomised, and children’s anthropometry and two motor test items (jumping from side to side, JSS and standing long jump, SLJ) were assessed. A total of 1293 (4.6 ± 0.69 years; 52% boys) from 45 kindergartens in Germany were included (intervention, n = 863; control, n = 430). The effect was assessed using generalised estimating equation. The intervention group showed a better improvement in JSS (Estimate 2.19 jumps, P = 0.01) and tended to improve better in SLJ (Estimate 2.73 cm, P = 0.08). The intervention was more effective in boys with respect to SLJ (P of interaction effect = 0.01). Children aged <4.5 years did not show a significant benefit while older children improved (JSS, Estimate 3.38 jumps, P = 0.004; SLJ, Estimate 4.18 cm, P = 0.04). Children with low socio-economic status improved in JSS (Estimate 5.98 jumps, P = 0.0001). The ToyBox-intervention offers an effective strategy to improve specific components of motor performance ability in early childhood. Future programmes should consider additional strategies specifically targeting girls and younger aged children.

Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; SES: socio-economic status; JSS: jumping from side to side; SLJ: standing long jump; SD: standard deviation; GEE: generalised estimating equation     

The relationship between fundamental movement skill proficiency and physical self-confidence among adolescents

This study aims to assess fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency, physical self-confidence levels, and the relationship between these variables and gender differences among adolescents. Three hundred and ninety five adolescents aged 13.78 years (SD = ±1.2) from 20 schools were involved in this study. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2nd Edition (TGMD), TGMD-2 and Victorian Skills Manual were used to assess 15 FMS. Participants’ physical self-confidence was also assessed using a valid skill-specific scale. A significant correlation was observed between FMS proficiency and physical self-confidence for females only (r = 0.305, P < 0.001). Males rated themselves as having significantly higher physical self-confidence levels than females (P = 0.001). Males scored significantly higher than females in FMS proficiency (P < 0.05), and the lowest physical self-confidence group were significantly less proficient at FMS than the medium (P < 0.001) and high physical self-confidence groups (P < 0.05). This information not only highlights those in need of assistance to develop their FMS but will also facilitate in the development of an intervention which aims to improve physical self-confidence and FMS proficiency.