Concordance of apolipoprotein B concentration with the Friedewald,Martin-Hopkins,and Sampson formulas for calculating LDL cholesterol

IntroductionTwo new formulas, the Martin-Hopkins and the Sampson formula, were recently developed to overcome shortcomings of the Friedewald formula for calculating LDL-cholesterol. We aimed to compare the concordance of the two formulas with apolipoprotein B (apoB), a surrogate marker of the number of LDL particles.Materials and methodsIn a study of serum lipid data of 1179 patients who consulted the AZ St-Jan Hospital Bruges for cardiovascular risk assessment, the correlation and concordance of the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins and Sampson formulas with apoB concentration, measured by immunonephelometry, were determined and compared.ResultsThe Martin-Hopkins formula showed significantly higher correlation coefficient than the Friedewald formula with apoB in the entire dataset and in patients with low LDL-cholesterol < 1.8 mmol/L. Both Martin-Hopkins and Sampson formulas yielded > 70% concordance of LDL-cholesterol with regard to treatment group classification based on population-equivalent thresholds of apoB in hypertriglyceridemic patients (2-4.5 mmol/L), with the highest concordance (75.6%) obtained using Martin-Hopkins formula vs. 60.5% with Friedewald formula.ConclusionThe Martin-Hopkins (and, to a lesser extent, Sampson) formula is more closely associated with the number of LDL particles than Friedewald formula. This, in combination with literature evidence of lesser accuracy of the Friedewald formula, is an argument to switch from Friedewald to a modified, improved formula.     

面向智能制造的汽车企业c2B模式实施策略

基于新技术条件下汽车产业形态的变化趋势,分析汽车产业走向c2B模式的必然性。根据汽车产业c2B模式的发展过程特征,对其作初级、中级、高级3个不同阶段的划分,并分析该模式对汽车全生命周期各环节的影响;通过对比汽车企业c2B模式的理想状态与现实状况,总结汽车企业c2B模式的关键实现环节,并进一步归纳整车厂和零部件企业需要满足的条件。从汽车产业c2B模式与智能工厂相互交融、互为支撑的关系,分析面向智能制造进行c2B模式建设所需的硬件、软件工作;以典型整车企业为例,提出汽车企业面向智能制造进行c2B模式升级的实施策略。     

基于1553B协议的总线控制器和远程终端的FPGA实现

研究了基于MIL-STD-1553B协议的总线控制器和远程终端的FPGA设计及其实现. 在一片FPGA上实现了总线控制器和远程终端2部分功能,给出了设计原理和不同配置模式下的响应流程. 结果表明,基于FPGA 实现1553B协议总线控制器和远程终端功能的方法可行.     

C/S结构与B/S结构的信息系统比较分析

传统的C/S体系结构虽然采用的是开放模式。但这只是系统开发一级的开放性，在特定的应用中无论时Client端还是Server端都还需要特定的软件，没有提供用户真正期望的开放环境。B/S结构则不同，它的前端是以TCP/IP协议为基础的，企业内的WWW服务器可以接受安装有Web浏览器，各种处理任务都可以调用系统资源来完成。这样大大简化了客户端。减轻了系统维护与升级的成本和工作量，降低了用户的总体拥有成本（TCO）。     

转座因子(TEs)的研究及其科学启示

转座因子（TEs）被誉为科学史上“超时代”的伟大发现，但这一科学发现经历了近40年的曲折，随着分子遗传学的发展，TEs的研究已经在TEs的普遍性和应用性等方面取得了重要进展，同时，对TEs的发现过程及其研究进展的探讨，能够带给我们许多有益的科学启示。     

基于遗传算法的实验室排课系统设计与实现

由于排课问题是一个NP完全优化问题,采用遗传算法来搜索近似最优解。遗传算法是一种借鉴生物界自然选择和进化论发展起来的随机搜索算法,能够非常有效地解决NP完全的组合优化问题,并且解决了遗传算法在排课过程中的冲突问题。系统采用的是B/S网络结构,实践证明,系统运行良好。     

水稻P1B型ATPase重金属转运蛋白的结构与功能研究进展

P1B型ATPase重金属转运蛋白（HMA）广泛存在于低等植物和高等植物中,参与植物生长发育过程中所必需的微量金属营养元素的运输.与双子叶植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）AtHMA1-8的大量研究相比,单子叶植物中HMA转运蛋白的相关功能与研究极其有限.根据已有的研究成果对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）体内9种HMA转运蛋白的分类、结构、分子机制与转运功能进行了详细对比和归纳,对这些重金属转运蛋白在植物中的组织分布、亚细胞定位和金属特异性进行了阐述,推测了目前尚未明确功能的OsHMA1、OsHMA4、OsH-MA6、OsHMA7和OsHMA8的亚细胞定位及潜在的转运功能,以期为未来进一步的科学研究提供更多依据.     

Compensatory changes in physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

Physical activity (PA) is a key element in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) treatment strategies, yet little is known as to whether activity compensation occurs. This study examined whether PA and/or sedentary time on one day were temporally associated with time spent in these intensities the following day in youth with CF. Time spent sedentary and in different PA intensities were objectively-measured for seven consecutive days in 50 youth (22 boys; 12.0 ± 2.7 years); 25 with mild-to-moderate CF and 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Multilevel analyses (day and child) were conducted using generalised linear latent and mixed models. On any given day, every additional 10 minutes spent in sedentary time or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were associated with 1.9 (95%CI: ?3.6 to ?1.2) and 12.4 (95%CI: ?22.1 to ?2.9) minutes less sedentary time the following day, respectively. These temporal associations were also observed when split by group (3.1 vs. 1.9 minutes for healthy and CF, respectively). These findings indicate that youth do not compensate their PA, irrespective of disease status, between days, but may compensate their sedentary time between days. Experimental studies are warranted to fully elucidate whether compensatory responses to PA and sedentary time occur, which is fundamental for informing PA promotion strategies.     

Resting MAPK expression in chronically trained endurance runners

Purpose: There is a paucity of research investigating the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in chronically trained (CT) athletes. Thus, it is unclear how MAPK may contribute to performance and muscle adaptation in CT subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine MAPK total protein, and phosphorylated expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38-MAPK (p38) between untrained, and chronically trained runners. Methods: Tissue samples were analysed from sedentary (SED; n?=?5) controls and chronically trained runners (CT; n?=?5). Resting muscle biopsy samples were analysed for total-MAPK – and ratio of phosphorylated/total (p-MAPK) – ERK1/2, JNK, and p38-MAPK via western blotting. Mann–Whitney U tests and effect sizes were utilized to determine differences in total MAPK protein content and phosphorylation status between SED and CT subjects. Results: There was no difference in total-MAPK expression between SED and CT (p?>?.05). p-p38-MAPK tended to be greater for CT compared to SED (p?=?.07). There were moderate effect sizes of decreased pERK/total-ERK (d?=??0.69) and increased pJNK/total-JNK (d?=?0.54) in CT compared to SED. There was a positive correlation between p-p38-MAPK/total-MAPK and the percentage of type I fibres (r?=?0.73, p?=?.016). Conclusion: Contrary to previous studies, chronic endurance training does not greatly influence total MAPK protein expression in chronically trained runners. However, resting phosphorylation of p38-MAPK may contribute to enhanced oxidative metabolism at chronically trained levels. These alterations are likely involved in the different physiological adaptations that occur following long-term training or at highly competitive levels.     

有氧运动对慢性应激大鼠脑海马区神经可塑性的影响

摘要：目的：以神经元和神经胶质细胞相关神经生物学变化为切入点,探讨有氧运动对慢性应激大鼠脑海马区神经可塑性的影响。方法：以SD大鼠为研究对象,按照体重均衡分为对照组（CON）、慢性应激模型组（MOD）、氟西汀组（FLU）、低强度运动组（LIR）和中等强度运动组（MIR）。给予大鼠4周慢性应激,并分别伴随氟西汀给药、低强度或者中等强度的运动干预。4周后,通过开场实验、蔗糖饮水实验、新奇抑制摄食实验以及新物体识别实验检测运动对慢性应激大鼠抑郁样行为、焦虑样行为以及认知障碍的影响;同时,利用酶联免疫法和蛋白免疫印迹法,检测运动对慢性应激大鼠血清皮质酮、海马内前炎因子IL1-β,以及蛋白GFAP、S100β、BDNF、p-ERK、p-CREB表达的影响,探讨运动抗抑郁的行为学效应和作用机制。结果：1）低强度和中等强度运动能够显著增加慢性应激大鼠的开场活动、缩短新奇抑制摄食潜伏期,同时提高慢性应激大鼠新物体的识别指数;2）运动有效逆转了慢性应激大鼠血清皮质酮的异常升高,同时降低海马内前炎性因子IL1-β的分泌;3）运动可显著星形胶质细胞的标志性功能蛋白GFAP和S100β的表达水平,增强慢性应激大鼠的BDNF/ERK/CREB信号转导通路中重要蛋白BDNF、p-ERK、p-CREB的表达。结论：运动可以通过提高慢性应激大鼠脑海马区神经可塑性来达到抗抑郁的目的。可能与以下因素有关：1）运动调节血清皮质酮的异常升高,降低海马内前炎性因子的释放,同时,提高与神经胶质细胞相关蛋白GFAP和S100β活性,从而起到神经元保护的作用;2）运动可以通过激活CREB,BDNF以及ERK等重要信号蛋白的表达,提高神经营养作用,促进神经元的生长,增加神经可塑性和神经发生来发挥抗抑郁作用。