宋明武学概览

运用文献整理的方法,梳理了宋明两代大量史书、文集、笔记中与武学相关的资料,从生源、教学内容、管理机构与办法、学制以及其在教育体系中的地位,通过比较分析宋明武学的特点,指出明代武学的完备是在宋代武学的基础和不足上建立起来的,并形成了自己的特色。宋明武学的异同,既是文武分途的趋势使然,又是我国"文治"社会进一步完善的表现,不是"尚武"精神的表现,也是中央集权加强的必然。宋明武学的实效都未能实现其初衷,故又遭到严厉的批判,但其制度史意义不容小视,它对我国近现代的军事教育依然有借鉴价值。     

Does self-determined motivation interact with environmental contexts to influence moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during a girls’ youth sport camp?

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore whether basketball player’s self-determined motivation interacts with environmental contexts and coach training to influence percentage time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (%MVPA). Methods: A secondary analysis of data from 76 girls (mean ± SD, 10.5 ± 1.0 years) was conducted. Players were classified as high self-determined motivation (HSDM) or low self-determined motivation (LSDM) and randomised to trained (intervention) or untrained (control) coaches. Training included 2 workshops on strategies for activity-promoting practices. Girls were exposed to environmental contexts (practices and games) led by a trained/untrained coach (depending on arm) and one without coaches (free time) daily. Girls wore accelerometers each day. Using mixed random-effects models, the influence of motivation, context and training on %MVPA was analysed. Results: Trained coaches’ practices were associated with the greatest %MVPA with no difference between HSDM and LSDM players (38.28 ± 1.77%; 37.64 ± 1.80%; p = 0.66). HSDM players had significantly greater %MVPA versus LSDM players during untrained coaches’ practices (23.58 ± 1.77%; 20.51 ± 1.78%; p = 0.03). During games with trained coaches, HSDM players had greater %MVPA compared to LSDM players (23.79 ± 1.76%; 18.56 ± 1.74%; p < 0.001). No between-group difference in %MVPA during free time was found (12.85 ± 0.82%; 13.39 ± 0.84%; p = 0.64). Conclusion: The impact of individual differences in self-determined motivation on %MVPA during practices was attenuated when coaches were trained to implement activity-promoting practices.     

The Use of Statistical Significance: A Commentary Related to Franks and Huck

Abstract

This paper focuses on the processes by which people become high school coaches. Occupational choice, professional socialization, and organizational socialization are examined, using qualitative data drawn from naturally occurring observations of coaches and informal discussions and in-depth interviews with them. Over 50% of the coaches had decided that they wanted to become a coach before entrance into college. The decision to become a coach was subjectively warranted by personal characteristics and experiences in sports, a devotion to sport, and a desire to work with young people. Youth sport coaching and student teaching which involved coaching constituted the only formal professional socialization that most of the coaches received. However, because almost all of the coaches participated in organized youth and/or high school athletics, they had a first-hand opportunity to observe their own coaches and acquire some informal images and impressions about the coaching occupation from them. Regardless of whether a neophyte began as an assistant or a head coach, technical aspects of the job and the occupation's culture were acquired by observing and listening to more experienced coaches. Through these experiences, collective understandings began to form, and the shared meanings about the occupational culture took shape. Reality shock for most novice coaches came in the form of understanding the importance the coaching culture assigns to long hours and hard work and to the realization that coaching does take an enormous amount of time. By the end of the first season, a symbolic transformation takes place and internalization of institutional expectations occurs as the neophyte begins to understand what coaching is all about.     

广西中等体育运动学校教练员现状调查与分析

随着体育竞技的比赛水平被提升到越来越高的层次,现代竞技体育运动员如果希望登上奥运会的竞技场,甚至取得较好的成绩,教练员是影响竞技体育训练过程和实现目标的重要因素之一.一个国家教练员水平的高低和优秀教练员人数的多少,对该国竞技体育的发展和提高起到了至关重要的作用.     

Carl Rogers,learning and educational practice: critical considerations and applications in sports coaching

Discussions about ‘athlete-centered’ coaching and ‘coach-centered’ coach education have started to gain increasing popularity in the field of coaching science. While it has been suggested that these ‘learner-centered’ approaches arguably align with the theoretical ideals of humanistic psychology, an in-depth examination of the implications of this learning orientation to sports coaching remains elusive. Rather, discussions have tended to be detached from theory, focusing instead on practices and methods. In light of this development, the present paper provides a detailed and critical overview of one of the leading humanistic thinkers' work, namely Carl Rogers, in order to consider what implications his theorising about ‘person-centered’ learning could have for the development of athletes and coaches. In doing so, we hope that this article will serve to advance understanding and theoretically underpin what have tended to be largely a-theoretical and superficial discussions about ‘athlete-centered’ coaching and ‘coach-centered’ coach education.     

人力资本价值理论视野下私人健身教练的价值测度

本文是在借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,紧紧围绕“人力资本价值”这条主线展开私人健身教练的人力资本价值测度模式的研究,为今后健身行业对私人健身教练的选用、培养、薪酬、管理模式等方面提供较为科学的参考依据。     

Youth Development in North American High School Sport: Review and Recommendations

Millions of high school student-athletes in North America practice sport, and national federations communicate through their mission statements that this fosters student-athletes’ positive development. The purpose of the current study was to review the recent literature to examine whether the educational claims made for youth development in the context of high school sport are substantiated by empirical evidence. The review indicates that recent research efforts have focused primarily on the positive outcomes and that much less is known of the possible negative outcomes of participation in high school sport. Researchers have examined stakeholders’ perspectives on development, but studies are scarce that objectively measure the actual developmental outcomes of participation in high school sport. The little available evidence indicates that adult stakeholders seldom interact and do not collaborate to foster student-athlete development. This narrative review provides insights on the current status of research on high school sport, and recommendations are provided to further facilitate youth development in this setting.     

河北省“环京津健身休闲圈”健身俱乐部教练员现状调查与研究

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法和数理统计法,对河北省“环京津健身休闲圈”健身俱乐部教练员的现状进行了调查,剖析了存在的问题及原因,并提出了相应对策,以期为河北省的体育人才培养和群众体育的可持续发展提供有益的理论参考。     

器械锻炼在太原市健身俱乐部的开展现状之研究

运用文献资料、问卷调查、专家访谈、数理统计等研究方法对太原市健身俱乐部器械锻炼的开展情况、器械教练员以及会员的现状进行调查研究,分析影响其发展的因素,并针对太原市目前的状况提出了建设性意见。     

健身房私人教练员职业能力研究

论述了私人教练员职业能力的内涵和私人教练员专业化发展对职业能力的影响;探讨了私人教练员职业能力的特点和要求。研究表明：私人教练员职业能力的教育培养与形成途径有两条：一条是本科教育训练途径;另一条是运动员自学加培训的“递进式”途径。