Conservation Heating 24 Years On

ABSTRACT

Control of relative humidity (RH) for collections care is challenging in U.K. historic houses because they are often highly ventilated with poor heat retention, a porous building fabric and naturally tend to high (60–80%) RH if unheated. The significance of the building means that large-scale modifications and installation of air handling systems may be unfeasible and undesirable for the conservation of the building. In the late 1980s the National Trust, for English, Wales and Northern Ireland, investigated conservation heating as an RH control method that works with the natural environment of historic buildings, mimicking historic heating and requiring only modification of existing heating services or a light touch installation of new heating systems. The National Trust adopted conservation heating as its preferred method for environmental control in historic buildings from the 1990s. This method was presented at the IIC 1994 Ottawa congress on preventive conservation. Conservation heating has since been adopted by many historic house management organisations, particularly across north-west Europe, where it is well suited to the climate. This paper reviews conservation heating developments implemented by the National Trust since 1994, in response to a changing external context, new knowledge and developments in operational practice.     

The Artist Initiative at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

The Artist Initiative at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) is piloting models for increased collaboration between conservators and curators through joint work with artists. We seek a more integrated, holistic approach to the care and research of our collection. The project, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, comprises five robust research engagements that serve the curatorial collecting departments of the museum (Photography, Painting and Sculpture, Media Art, and Architecture and Design). Three of the projects are monographic studies, examining the work of Ellsworth Kelly, Vija Celmins, and Julia Scher in depth, while two more are thematic, exploring modes of displaying digitally-driven design objects, and developing strategies for addressing the problem of color shift common to photographic prints made with experimental materials during the 1970s and 1980s. The Artist Initiative is also charged with developing hybrid working spaces to advance collaborative approaches to collections research at the museum's new downtown campus and at SFMOMA's new Collections Center in South San Francisco. These spaces include the Collections Workroom, a 56?sq?m (600?sq?ft) space that functions as a studio for visiting artists, a conservation laboratory, an interview suite, and a classroom at SFMOMA's downtown campus. At the Collections Center, a 121?sq?m (1300?sq?ft) Mock-Up Gallery has been built as a working model of one of the museum's new galleries. A functional exhibition space, the Mock-Up Gallery is also a venue for interviewing artists, prototyping exhibition formats, and meeting with students, scholars, museum staff, and community members. With the goal of contributing to critical discourses in contemporary art history, art conservation, and public engagement, each of the Artist Initiative projects includes a colloquium that will bring experts from multiple fields together with the featured artists. Thereafter we aim to share our findings widely through public programs and a range of publications, both digitally and in print.     

Study of Post-World War II French Aeronautical Aluminium Alloy and Coatings: Historical and Materials Science Approach

ABSTRACT

In many countries, collections of historic aircraft, conserved in Air and Space museums or local associations, reflect the importance of a national or local history. Mostly parked outdoors, aircraft suffer from significant corrosion requiring conservation operations. During renovation, metallic parts are often replaced by association members. This can lead to a major loss of information since industrial archives dealing with materials and processes do not always survive. However, if these elements can be considered, they could be a fundamental source of information on the materials originally used and of the technical history of aeronautics. This work reports a thorough study of aluminium-based alloy parts collected on a Breguet aeroplane dating from the 1950s, during its recent renovation. Thanks to an approach coupling multi-scale material characterisation and research in archives, information on the industrial knowledge is revealed. Several historic grades of aluminium-based alloys were found, namely A-U4G, A-U4G1, and A-U3G, depending on the role of the part. Similarly, different protective coatings were identified (anodic oxidation, primers, and paintings), depending on the role of the metallic part and its location in the plane. Knowledge of the materials from bulk metal to the coated surface is necessary for good conservation practices regarding aeronautical heritage artefacts. Related documents and archives also fundamentally help in understanding such complex artefacts.     

浅议大学物理力学动量守恒

在中学和大学的物理教学中,动量守恒定律、角动量守恒定律是物理学的基本规律也是教学的重点。为了使大学物理教学与中学物理更好地衔接,对力学中动量守恒定律与角动量守恒定律的建立及适用范围进行了探讨,目的是使学生清楚这些定律的实验基础,加深对守恒定律的理解,更快地适应动量守恒的学习。     

沿河土家族山歌保护模式初探

土家族山歌是土家族民族传统文化重要组成部分,是土家族文化的重要载体,更是土家族区别其他各民族的重要标志。基于对土家族山歌的前期文献研究,结合土家族山歌的社会生态环境,分析土家族山歌的传统传承方式及其在现代化背景下所面临的问题。通过多次实地调查,总结出沿河土家族自治县对土家族山歌传承保护所采取的一系列措施——“五进三推”模式。     

中国中长期宏观节能潜力分析:国际比较与国际经验

未来我国能源需求规模存在较多不确定性,把握节能潜力是设定节能目标并采取相应政策措施的前提条件。力求从更大范围的国际比较和更长历史时期的国际经验来讨论我国的节能潜力。依据人均GDP、经济结构、人均钢材和水泥保有量、人均用电量、人均居民生活用电量等指标,结合资源禀赋结构、气候条件、设备用能效率差异、后发优势等因素综合考量,从能源经济发展阶段来看,目前我国大致处在美国1960年左右的水平,处在英、法、德、意、日五大工业国1970-1980年间的水平。参考发达国家近50年来的能源发展经验和我国近30年来的发展历程,2010-2030年我国年均经济增速潜力超过8.5%,能源弹性系数潜力为0.6;单位GDP能耗年均下降潜力超过3.4%,累计下降潜力大约为50%。     

节能环保产业融资环境的评价和提升路径研究

运用系统动力学的方法构建节能环保产业融资环境评价模型,利用Anylogic软件进行仿真,并探究在不同情形下融资环境的变化.研究发现,(1)我国节能环保产业的融资环境处于不断优化的过程中,融资环境的优化也将促进节能环保产业产值的加速增长.(2)致力进行技术创新与扩大行业规模都能够起到更好地优化融资环境的作用,但不同的情形...     

打印机的正确使用及维护

根据目前最流行的打印机的原理和特点，并从实践的角度出发，介绍了打印机的正确使用及维护方法，以及打印机出现故障的原因和解决对策。     

凉山州小流域水电开发项目水土保持方案研究

总结了凉山彝族自治州小流域水电开发建设项目水土保持方案植物措施配置中存在的主要问题,并结合凉山州的自然地理状况,对中、小型水电站开发建设项目水土保持方案植物措施的科学配置的原则和注意事项提出建议。