The Metamorphosis of Industrial Designers from Novices to Experts

Professional training for designers is crucial in the field of design studies. The characteristics of novices versus those of expert designers have been identified in the literature; however, studies exploring the issue of professional training processes in the actual workplace are not well developed. Our study addresses the topic by using qualitative research methods along with flexible design. Collected data from the interviewees with different work experience were analysed by open, axial and selective coding. Herein, we argue that the processes by which a designer transforms from a novice into an expert in the industry are constructed through the interaction of several complicated factors. The re‐learning inherent in design professions is implemented through knowledge transfer gained from participation in design projects, particularly regarding tacit knowledge. Also, the novice's process of learning and training yields the characteristics and skills that companies and firms require of designers; this process involves a series of disciplinary sub‐processes, from destructive to reconstructive, implemented by employers. In these sub‐processes, the subjectivity of designers is neglected, leading to the suppression of imaginative expression and feelings of alienation among these workers.     

School context and instructional capacity: A comparative study of professional learning communities in rural and urban schools in China

This study examines the teaching gap between rural and urban schools in China from the perspective of teacher professional learning communities (PLCs). Drawing on in-depth interviews with 36 primary school teachers, the study finds striking disparities between rural and urban schools in the working of Teaching and Research Groups (TRGs). These disparities in TRGs result in divergent patterns of instructional capacity building in rural and urban schools. The evidence shows that teaching and teachers are strongly shaped by the school organizational context. It suggests that strengthening school-wide PLCs is an important way of narrowing the rural-urban teaching and learning gaps.     

Exploring an intervention’s impact on everyday school activities

The focus of this paper is on a group of pupils with reading and writing difficulties who have been participating in an intervention study using assistive technology. That intervention study contained supervised training sessions with reading and writing tasks using an iPad with special supportive applications. The current study is a qualitative investigation of whether there has been any transfer from the intervention, to the pupils’ everyday school activities. Interviews with pupils and their teachers and observations during classroom lectures have been used to collect data. The results show that the pupils were positive to the assistive technology (the applications on the iPads), they found the apps easy to learn how to use and they appreciated the benefits they could give. Even so, only a few of the pupils had found use for and continued to use the tools after the intervention period finished. Possible reasons are that when the novelty wore off, students reverted to their usual study habits and that older students with many teachers and different classrooms were less able to adapt to using the apps. To improve transfer, it is suggested to introduce assistive technology earlier to students, in the younger grades, before study habits have been formed and to inform teachers about the use of AT in the classroom, including what is available and how it can benefit students.     

"为天强派作诗人"--袁枚散馆外放的"前因"及其婉拒乾隆临幸随园考论

袁枚由翰林散馆外放江南知县,因其试清书最下等,更有其前馆课作《清说》等原因;但是,袁枚却归之于乾隆“强派”其如此。其33岁致仕,实与失望于乾隆皇帝有关。进而有在乾隆第二次南巡时,袁枚婉拒尹继善葺随园接驾之议。就出处大节而论,袁枚不愧是我国封建社会晚期一位尚有独立人格的知识分子。     

论转让定价手段对企业全球化经营的作用

转让定价是跨国公司实现全球利润最大化绩效目标的重要手段。我国对外开放不能只引进处来直接投资(FDI)，我国企业还应开展国际化生产经营。我国企业国际化经营可以借鉴跨国公司转让定价策略，扬其所长，避其所短。但为促进我国企业国际化的进程，企业对转让价格的作用必须有比较清醒的认识。     

英语阅读中母语迁移的调查研究

文章通过问卷调查和访谈的方法,对三组不同英语水平且母语均为汉语的学习者进行调查研究。本研究调查了在英语阅读中母语对材料的理解、阅读的技巧、阅读的速度的作用以及学习者利用母语和把有关材料翻译成母语的情况,通过SPSS对数据进行分析,并且将不同英语水平的学习者的情况进行比较分析。结果显示,英语水平高的学习者更善于利用母语的正迁移。     

英汉翻译中思维方式的转换

在英汉翻译过程中,须将译语民族的思维方式转换成译入语民族的思维方式,通过虚实转换、正反转换、词性转换、句子结构转换、语义重心位置转换和句子视点转换等方式,能使译文地道而自然。     

集体主义对英文写作的影响——关于人称代词的个案研究

文章以语言与文化的关系为理论基础，以人称代词和个人主义以及集体主义文化之间的关系为切入点，深入分析了集体主义文化对英语作文的潜意识影响在人称代词方面的表现以及基本认知模式，认为在英语作文教学中不仅要注意语篇、句法和修辞等方面的训练，更要注意英汉文化的区别以及学生的跨文化写作互动意识，尽量避免汉语文化在英语写作中的文化迁移现象。     

功能文体学与大学英语教学

在大学英语教学当中,教师们往往会更多地关注词汇和语言点的教学。但是这种模式往往脱离了语境,不利于学生对于整个语篇的把握,不利于培养学生的综合语言运用能力。本文通过对《新编大学英语》第一册第四单元的课文"Fresh Start"的功能文体分析指出,功能文体分析可以更好地解释和解读课文,也有利于提高学生的语言理解能力和鉴赏能力。