高中毕业生中高分学生群体身体形态的研究

我国历年高考均有大批高分学生被各重点院校录取。研究采用人体测试方法,选取北京师范大学2003年录取的2000余名新生为研究对象,进行了9项身体形态指标的测试和研究,得出高分学生群体在心、智高度发展的基础上其身体形态的发育特征和发展状况,以引起学校和社会关注,并为学校体育教学改革提供参考。     

对跳跃专项少年运动员超等长训练的实验研究

超等长训练适宜于跳跃专项少年运动员专项素质训练,对提高跳跃成绩效果显著,超等长训练对提高肌肉超等长收缩能力的作用显著,高于传统力量训练方法,尤其是跳跃专项少年运动员应积极进行超等长训练。     

背越式跳高起跳过程的动力学分析

应用运动生物力学原理,分析背越式跳高在弧线助跑起跳过程中人体能量的变化原因,提出:除了助跑动能之外,在起跳过程中伴随较大的肌肉群弹性势能的释放也是起跳能量的重要来源之一;进一步分析运动员起跳过程身体重心向上运动的平动动能和绕质心转动的转动动能,其中的每一份能量都是完成背越式跳高动作所不能缺少的。从而为教练员更好发挥运动员起跳过程能量,提高运动成绩提供参考。     

Maximal lactate steady state in trained adolescent runners

The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the exercise intensity that corresponds to the maximal lactate steady state in adolescent endurance-trained runners; (2) to identify any differences between the sexes; and (3) to compare the maximal lactate steady state with commonly cited fixed blood lactate reference parameters. Sixteen boys and nine girls volunteered to participate in the study. They were first tested using a stepwise incremental treadmill protocol to establish the blood lactate profile and peak oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂). Running speeds corresponding to fixed whole blood lactate concentrations of 2.0, 2.5 and 4.0?mmol?·?l^?1 were calculated using linear interpolation. The maximal lactate steady state was determined from four separate 20-min constant-speed treadmill runs. The maximal lactate steady state was defined as the fastest running speed, to the nearest 0.5?km?·?h^?1, where the change in blood lactate concentration between 10 and 20?min was?<0.5?mmol?·?l^?1. Although the boys had to run faster than the girls to elicit the maximal lactate steady state (15.7 vs 14.3?km?·?h^?1, P?<0.01), once the data were expressed relative to percent peak [Vdot]O₂ (85 and 85%, respectively) and percent peak heart rate (92 and 94%, respectively), there were no differences between the sexes (P?>0.05). The running speed and percent peak [Vdot]O₂ at the maximal lactate steady state were not different to those corresponding to the fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2.0 and 2.5?mmol?·?l^?1 (P?>0.05), but were both lower than those at the 4.0?mmol?·?l^?1 concentration (P?<0.05). In conclusion, the maximal lactate steady state corresponded to a similar relative exercise intensity as that reported in adult athletes. The running speed, percent peak [Vdot]O₂ and percent peak heart rate at the maximal lactate steady state are approximated by the fixed blood lactate concentration of 2.5?mmol?·?l^?1 measured during an incremental treadmill test in boys and girls.     

Physiological and biomechanical responses to walking underwater on a non-motorised treadmill: effects of different exercise intensities and depths in middle-aged healthy women

Abstract

Non-motorised underwater treadmills are commonly used in fitness activities. However, no studies have examined physiological and biomechanical responses of walking on non-motorised treadmills at different intensities and depths. Fifteen middle-aged healthy women underwent two underwater walking tests at two different depths, immersed either up to the xiphoid process (deep water) or the iliac crest (shallow water), at 100, 110, 120, 130 step-per-minute (spm). Oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion and step length were determined. Compared to deep water, walking in shallow water exhibited, at all intensities, significantly higher VO₂ (+13.5%, on average) and HR (+8.1%, on average) responses. Water depth did not influence lactate concentration, whereas perceived exertion was higher in shallow compared to deep water, solely at 120 (+40%) and 130 (+39.4%) spm. Average step length was reduced as the intensity increased (from 100 to 130 spm), irrespective of water depth. Expressed as a percentage of maximum, average VO₂ and HR were: 64–76% of peak VO₂ and 71–90% of maximum HR, respectively at both water depths. Accordingly, this form of exercise can be included in the “vigorous” range of exercise intensity, at any of the step frequencies used in this study.     

有氧运动对大鼠心血管自主神经调节功能的影响

首先对心率变异性（HRV）和动脉压力反射敏感性（BRS）的测试分析方法进行了选取和改进,然后以正常大鼠为实验对象,观察比较尾动脉血压、脉搏、左室内压、心肌收缩力、心率变异性、动脉压力反射敏感性等指标在8周中等强度游泳运动组大鼠和和安静对照组大鼠之间的差异,旨在分析长期参加有氧运动对心血管自主神经调节功能的影响,为心血管自主神经平衡状态发生改变提供实验证据。研究发现,与对照组大鼠相比,运动组大鼠心肌出现肥大、心脏泵血功能增强、心交感神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性升高、心迷走神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性未受影响、心交感神经紧张性变异和心迷走神经紧张性变异程度均增加。研究结果提示,长期有氧运动可增强心血管自主神经的调节功能,使交感神经和副交感神经的协调与对抗关系在一个更高的功能层面上建立新的平衡。     

跳高起跳准备技术的运动学分析

对索托马约尔等4名世界优秀跳高运动员的比赛技术录像和技术图片进行统计分析后发现,背越式跳高的整个助跑过程所表现出的技术动作都是为完成良好的起跳做准备,所有的技术环节都直接影响运动员起跳效果。结合运动训练实践从运动员助跑节奏、倒三步起跳腿支撑、倒二步摆动腿支撑以及最后一步的起跳支撑4个方面对背越式跳高运动的起跳准备技术特点进行了运动学分析,总结出运动员采用步频型和步幅型、倾斜支撑型和屈腿支撑型等不同准备技术的特点。     

体育院校办高水平运动队的实证研究 ——以武汉体育学院体操队为例

总结体育院校办高水平运动队的实践经验,认为体育院校具有办高水平运动队的优势和条件,能培养出综合素质高的优秀运动员。体育学院办高水平运动队为竞技体育提供了全新的管理和训练模式。     

对奉化市高中生课外体育活动现状的调查分析

课外体育活动是学校体育课的延伸,它既是校外课余活动的组成部分,又是学校体育工作的重要组成元素之一。课外体育活动能够直接影响学生的身心健康,是对学生自觉、自主体育锻炼能力的培养过程,同时也是为终身体育打下基础和落实《全民健身计划纲要》的需要。通过实地考察、问卷调查、文献资料和访谈等研究方法,对奉化市高中生参加课外体育活动的认识态度、活动项目、锻炼时间、活动的场地器材以及课外活动管理等方面进行了调查分析,为继续深化奉化市高中学校体育改革提供参考依据。     

运动训练中内皮素与心血管系统关系的综述

为了了解运动训练中内皮素对心血管系统的作用.采用文献资料法论述了内皮素的主要生理作用,综述了国内外有关内皮素与运动训练关系的研究现状及该领域研究中存在的问题.研究表明:适宜强度的有氧耐力运动,可以改善内皮素的释放量进而有利于心血管系统在运动训练中的适应.