知识计量研究综述

信息化和知识化已成为当前科技、经济和社会发展的重要因素和显著特征。从不同的角度和不同的层面出发对知识本身及各种知识活动进行广泛的研究成为知识社会关注的焦点,而其中有关知识及其影响的测度、计量也成为重要的研究课题。文章从知识计量的概念、知识计量研究的意义、知识计量研究的发展阶段、知识计量研究的对象与内容、知识计量研究的学科渊源、知识计量的主要方法、知识计量研究的瓶颈和国内知识计量研究进展等方面对国内外知识计量研究现状进行了系统的总结。     

普通话作为二语的节奏模式的实验研究

节奏特征对于语音的自然度有直接影响。针对普通话语音,本文比较了普通话母语者、母语为粤语的二语学习者、母语为英语的二语学习者的节奏模式。研究从含有轻声的孤立词开始,重点考察连续语流,通过11种时长指标的测量从客观上分析节奏模式。针对连续语流的研究发现,基于语速无关的或者语速归一化的时长指标,作为二语的普通话显示出与母语普通话非常接近的节奏模式;而基于未做语速归一化处理的时长指标,作为二语的普通话则向重音节拍模式的方向迁移,与说话人母语的节奏模式无关。这一结果,与孤立词情形下的结果并不一致,也违反了母语迁移效应的一般假设,但是与我们的听感基本吻合,其原因可以用二语与母语的语速差异、以及韵律结构变化带来的停延频次的差异来解释。     

基于“睡美人”文献识别的高校学术论文价值挖掘方法研究——以东北大学为例

[目的/意义]研究“睡美人”文献的识别方法,对尽早发现重要科技成就及其发明人、加快科技成果转化以及完善学术评价方法等均具有重要意义。[方法/过程]针对高校学术论文成果评价这一特定场景,提出“先客观指标粗筛、后多维参数细选”的研究思路,组合使用K值算法和三指标法,对东北大学发表于Web of Science核心合集的论文样本集进行了“睡美人”文献挖掘的实证研究。[结果/结论]该方法共识别出12篇“睡美人”文献,并对其被引特征、期刊特征、睡眠特征、内容特征等因素进行了分析。实获数据处理结果表明了该方法的有效性,相关研究方法和结果可对东北大学学术论文评价提供重要参考。     

美国社区学院“责任自愿评估框架”:指导原则、指标、意义与挑战

"责任自愿评估框架"(VFA)是美国第一个服务于社区学院,并由社区学院自愿实施的全国性责任评估计划,其指导原则是:信息必须有价值,容易收集和共享,有利于促进社区学院实现自己的大学使命。VFA指标体系内容包含学生进步及效果指标,劳动力、经济与社区发展指标和学生学习效果指标。对社区学院来说,VFA的使用既带来一定的机遇,也面临一些挑战。     

“五计学”学科体系的完善与新发展——评《替代计量学理论、方法与应用》

[目的/意义] 评价《替代计量学理论、方法与应用》一书在完善与发展"五计学"学科体系方面的重要学术贡献。[方法/过程] 从Altmetrics理论、工具、方法和应用四个层面剖析该书在"五计学"学科体系的完善与新发展方面的核心价值。[结果/结论] 该书作为计量学研究丛书之一,论证了Altmetrics与"五计学"的紧密联系,对推进Altmetrics的未来应用与发展具有特殊的学术价值与意义。     

悄然兴起的全文计量分析

传统的文献计量学主要基于题录数据展开研究,随着开放获取运动的推进,基于全文数据的文献计量学分析悄然兴起,出现全文引文分析、知识实体抽取、语篇结构功能分析等研究热点。文章从数据基础、研究内容、流程方法3个角度系统阐述全文计量分析的范式和框架。在数据方面,通过回顾分析对象从题录数据到全文数据的变化,展现文献计量学由外在关联到内在本体的演化。在内容方面,选取语词、语句和语篇等不同层面的研究热点,对近年该领域的国内外研究进展和前沿问题进行综述。在方法方面,总结文本分析(包括计算语言学、社会语言学)和计量分析(包括加权分析、序列分析)两类主要的分析范式。     

Within-journal self-citations and the Pinski-Narin influence weights

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is linearly sensitive to self-citations because each self-citation adds to the numerator, whereas the denominator is not affected. Pinski and Narin (1976) Influence Weights (IW) are not or marginally sensitive to these outliers on the main diagonal of a citation matrix and thus provide an alternative to JIFs. Whereas the JIFs are based on raw citation counts normalized by the number of publications in the previous two years, IWs are based on the eigenvectors in the matrix of aggregated journal-journal citations without a reference to size: the cited and citing sides are normalized and combined by a matrix approach. Upon normalization, IWs emerge as a vector; after recursive multiplication of the normalized matrix, IWs can be considered a network measure of prestige among the journals in the (sub)graph under study. As a consequence, the self-citations are integrated at the field level and no longer disturb the analysis as outliers. In our opinion, this independence of the diagonal values is a very desirable property of a measure of quality or impact. As an example, we elaborate Price’s (1981b) matrix of aggregated citation among eight biochemistry journals in 1977. Routines for the computation of IWs are made available at http://www.leydesdorff.net/iw.     

Quantifying the assessment loads of students and staff: the challenge of selecting appropriate metrics

Assessment is central to learning. It is also central to the cost of providing higher education. Choosing how much and what forms of assessment are questions not only of good teaching but of good policy. Measuring the amount of assessment set in each course provides a basis on which to determine equitable and appropriate workloads for students and staff across disciplines and institutions and to use institutional budgets and staff time to best effect. It is, however, more difficult than it might at first appear to select metrics appropriate to this task. This article considers the advantages and disadvantages of four options. It also suggests the potential value of ratios and proposes that further consideration be given to removing the distinction commonly found in student workload formulae between time spent on learning out of class and that spent on assessment.     

Scientometrics in the Web 2.0 Environment： Aitmetrics

介绍一种Web2．0环境下的科学计量学理论——选择性计量学。指出选择性计量学与网络计量学既有联系又有区别,选择性计量学与传统科学质量评价的研究对象有所不同。综合分析选择性计量学在时效性、覆盖面和科学交流过程方面的独特研究意义。总结可以在多种开放存取平台和学术社交网络中提取的选择性计量学的评价指标。以Total-Impact工具为例,分析选择性数据集来源和选择性计量类型。     

Changing Stakeholder Expectations of Library Value

Given the on-going emphasis placed on evaluation, measurement and Return on Investment (ROI), many public libraries have struggled to successfully integrate evaluation practices into operational workflows. Unfortunately, it appears that for some libraries who have implemented evaluation, they have focused on metrics that do little to inform the library’s practice, do not demonstrate how a library contributes to its community, and do not assist public libraries in the enhancement of their operations. While traditional output metrics such as circulation, program attendance and technology use provide data about library activities, these metrics are simple counts that fall short in providing insight into why people visited the library, if they accomplished their goals during their visit, or what would have improved their visitor experience. In addition, this reliance on “empty metrics” has had the negative effect of leading stakeholders, policy-makers and funders to believe libraries are nothing more than book depositories. Empty metrics reinforce old and inaccurate stereotypes about public libraries and the role of librarians. We contend that we are at a turning point: evaluation practices are now successfully being embedded into day-to-day library operations and have become a part of library culture. The next step is to ensure libraries develop meaningful metrics that demonstrate the library’s social contribution, and then engage stakeholders to recognize the necessity of adopting these new metrics.