认知负荷对乒乓球运动员注意空间的影响*

目的 同时注意空间中多个目标刺激对于乒乓球运动员非常重要。考察认知负荷对青少年乒乓球运动员注意分布的影响。方法：实验中采用计算机行为实验,控制认知负荷（同时注意的目标数量为2、4或6个）,并且在不同注意范围（离中央注视点3°、6°和9°视角）的位置上同时呈现刺激,要求被试对刺激的亮度变化做辨别反应。结果：:认知负荷对于乒乓球运动员的注意范围有显著调节。当刺激个数为2时,在3°和6°视角条件下呈现的刺激反应时均显著快于9°视角条件下的刺激。当刺激个数为4时,视角为3°条件下的反应时快于视角为6°和9°时的反应时,而视角为6°时又比视角为9°时的反应时显著要快。当刺激个数为6时,视角为3°时的反应时均快于视角为6°和9°时的反应时。结论：当前研究证明随着认知负荷增加,乒乓球运动员注意焦点范围显著缩小。可以通过测量运动员在高负荷条件下注意焦点的范围来进行运动员的选拔。     

Objective and subjective methods for quantifying training load in wheelchair basketball small-sided games

The aim of the present study was to analyse the training load in wheelchair basketball small-sided games and determine the relationship between heart rate (HR)-based training load and perceived exertion (RPE)-based training load methods among small-sided games bouts. HR-based measurements of training load included Edwards’ training load and Stagno’s training impulses (TRIMP_MOD) while RPE-based training load measurements included cardiopulmonary (session RPEres) and muscular (session RPEmus) values. Data were collected from 12 wheelchair basketball players during five consecutive weeks. The total load for the small-sided games sessions was 67.5 ± 6.7 and 55.3 ± 12.5 AU in HR-based training load (Edwards’ training load and TRIMP_MOD), while the RPE-based training loads were 99.3 ± 26.9 (session RPEres) and 100.8 ± 31.2 AU (session RPEmus). Bout-to-bout analysis identified greater session RPEmus in the third [P < 0.05; effect size (ES) = 0.66, moderate] and fourth bouts (P < 0.05; ES = 0.64, moderate) than in the first bout, but other measures did not differ. Mean correlations indicated a trivial and small relationship among HR-based and RPE-based training loads. It is suggested that HR-based and RPE-based training loads provide different information, but these two methods could be complementary because one method could help us to understand the limitations of the other.     

Top-down and bottom-up guidance in comprehension of schematic football diagrams

Comprehension of a narrated diagram entail complex cognitive processing as learner is challenged to extract the orally evoked information. The present experiment examined the effects of 2 different forms of attention guidance – bottom-up and top-down – on comprehension performance, cognitive load investment, and motivation to learn, using a 2 × 2 mixed design with factors “Expertise” (Expert vs. Novice) and “Condition” (no-signal, circle, segment). The results revealed an expertise reversal effect indicating that the incorporation of visual signals in diagram is effective for novice learners but partially reverses and becomes ineffective for more experienced learners (even though they invested less mental effort and reported higher level of motivation in the segmented condition). The findings suggested that the effectiveness of instructional guidance depends heavily on levels of prior knowledge.     

体育舞蹈对女大学生身体形态、素质、生理机能的影响

为探讨体育舞蹈对女大学生身体形态、素质和生理机能的影响,随机抽取广西师范大学等3所高校共60名女生进行20周的体育舞蹈锻炼,对锻炼前后身体形态、素质和生理机能等一系列指标进行对比分析。结果显示：长期的体育舞蹈锻炼能使受试者的胸围、腰围、大腿围有明显下降（P〈0．05）,立定跳远、坐位体前屈、台阶指数、单足支撑（s）明显提高（P〈0．01）,晨脉、动脉血压明显下降（P〈0．05）;肺活量、VO2max明显提高（P〈0．01）。结论：长期的体育舞蹈锻炼能有效改善女大学生的身体形态,明显增强呼吸系统、心肺功能,并显著提高女大学生的耐力素质、柔韧素质及平衡能力。     

析PIN结合论的运动负荷观

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,系统阐述PIN结合论对运动负荷的构成、分类、属性,以及与运动员竞技能力发展模型的关系等问题,提出了一些新观点。旨在提高人们对运动负荷的全面认识,通过科学控制运动负荷,促进运动训练的科学化,提升运动员的综合制胜力。     

武术大负荷训练对民族传统体育大学生血乳酸和血尿素氮影响的研究

观察15名民族传统体育专业大学生在武术大负荷训练前后血乳酸和血尿素氮的变化,分析血乳酸和血尿素氮与民族传统体育大学生训练水平的关系,结果表明：血乳酸和血尿素氮能够客观评定训练强度,为科学训练提供依据;大运动负荷训练对学生血乳酸和血尿素氮变化有不同程度的影响,但存在个体差异。     

运动极限适应

本文采用文献资料法、逻辑思维法等方法,从而提出运动极限适应训练思想．运动训练的基本特征是挖掘运动员最大潜力,人体运动能力是有极限的,在接近极限的临界负荷时训练效应最大。运动极限负荷训练,既不是胆大妄为,也不是盲目追求,必须是可控的和多学科支持保障的。     

模拟高原训练方法与应用的研究进展

采用文献资料法,对当今国际主要的模拟高原训练的技术方法和训练方法中间歇训练法、高住低练法、低住高练法、高住高练低练法的生物学效应进行了归纳和探讨。指出模拟高原训练法是能够避免高原训练弊端,最大限度提高运动员运动能力,激发机体生理潜能,提高运动员竞技水平的有效方法。     

振动训练的生理基础与应用研究进展

采用文献资料法,分析了振动训练影响运动能力及其提高肌肉力量可能的生理学机制,综述了振动训练的研究进展,旨在为教练员和运动员及体育健身者认识和合理利用振动训练方法提供理论依据。     

业余手球训练负荷安排的研究

如何从科学的角度去把握业余手球运动训练的现状,对业余手球运动训练安排十分重要的课题之一,运动负荷是以身体练习为基本手段,对有机体施加的训练刺激。在手球训练过程中根据训练任务和对象的水平,逐步地有节奏地加大运动负荷,直至最大限度。