杰出科学家成长规律研究——以诺贝尔科学奖得主和中国科学院院士为例

准确把握杰出科学家成长规律是科技创新人才政策制定前瞻性和针对性的重要保障。综合使用统计分析、比较分析、文献研究等方法组合对1901—2021年诺贝尔科学奖得主和中国科学院院士群体的成长规律进行深入分析,研究发现：(1)杰出科学家做出重大成果的时间集中在35～45岁,其重大科学贡献获得学术界认可的平均年龄在57～58岁,其中,诺贝尔科学奖得主的平均获奖年龄呈现上升趋势,而中国科学院院士的平均当选年龄呈现下降趋势;(2)化学、生命科学和医学领域重大成就获得认可的时间相对较短,物理学等领域重大成就获得认可的时间相对较长;(3)杰出科学家通常拥有良好的科学教育背景,并在世界一流的学术研究平台进行过高水平的科研工作和学术交流,在一流的学术环境中成长起来;(4)杰出科学家的涌现表现出较强的群落效应和明显的师承关系,师承关系是杰出科学家成长的重要因素,师从名家可以有效促进科学家成长。基于上述研究结论,本文对杰出科学家支持政策和青年科技创新人才政策制定提出了两点政策启示。     

人教版高中物理教科书科学家素材的人文价值取向研究

本文对高中物理教科书中的科学家素材所呈现的人文价值进行定量统计与分析,从而得出教科书中科学家素材的人文价值取向的规律与特点,对教材的改革与编写提供参考意见。     

口述史与西方当代科学史研究

20世纪60年代以来,以美国为代表的西方国家开展了大量当代科学的口述史项目。一方面这些口述史项目以实践的事实证明了口述史在当代科学史研究中的有效性与必要性;另一方面也引发了对当代科学史研究的反思,进一步为当代科学史研究引入口述史提供了更加严肃的论据。     

Superheroes and supervillains: reconstructing the mad-scientist stereotype in school science

Reform recommendations around the world call for an understanding about the nature of science and the work of scientists. However, related research findings provide evidence that students hold stereotypical views of scientists and the nature of their work.

Purpose

The aim of this case study was to examine the impact of an intervention on 15 elementary school students’ views of scientists.

Sample

An urban, fifth-grade, European elementary school classroom defined the context of this study.

Design and method

The intervention was an 11-week-long investigation of a local problem concerning water quality. In carrying out this investigation the students collaborated with a young metrology scientist to collect and analyse authentic data that would help them to construct a claim about the quality of the water. The students’ initial views of scientists were investigated through a drawing activity, classroom discussions and interviews.

Results

Analysis of these data indicated that all students but one girl held very stereotypical views on scientists and the nature of their work. Analysis of interviews with each student and classroom discussions after the intervention illustrated that they reconstructed their stereotypical views of scientists and the nature of their work owing to their personal engagement in the investigation and their collaboration with the scientist.

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that more in-depth study into project-based approaches, out-of-school learning and school–scientist partnerships is warranted, for the purpose of determining appropriate pedagogies that support students in developing up-to-date understanding about scientists and the nature of their work.     

论中国档案学者的使命与学术共同体的建构

信息时代,一切都在发展变革的过程中,档案学者责无旁贷地必须肩负起时代与学科发展所赋予的历史使命。同时,档案学者还须开展互助与合作,进一步提升档案学的发展空间。建构学术共同体不仅可以为档案学研究提供一个合作平台,还可以为净化学术环境贡献力量。     

刘国钧先生著译系年目录(增订版):文书公牍与来往通信

刘国钧(字衡如,1899.11.15-1980.6.27)先生是我国图书馆界的一代宗师,著述丰富,成果涵盖图书馆学、文献学和文史哲等多个学科领域。文章整理增订了刘国钧文书公牍与来往通信部分的目录。     

我与袁湧进先生——我与老一辈文献分类学家（回忆录）之八

通过白国应回忆与袁湧进先生的交往经历,介绍了袁湧进先生的生平以及他在图书馆学术研究方面的成就。     

“吸引力+传播力”的尝试——“国家最高科学技术奖获奖科学家手模”项目解析

围绕“吸引力+传播力”,“国家最高科学技术奖获奖科学家手模”项目依托著名科学家,通过采集和展示科学家手模以及为青少年录制寄语视频的方式,拉近了科学家与公众的距离,顺应了短视频流行的传播方式变革,线下线上相互补充相得益彰,突破了科技馆的时空限制,有力弘扬了科学家精神,产生了广泛而持续的影响。     

Citizen Scientists: Student Experiences in the GTP Georgia/Russian Exchange Project

During the past two years, the Global Thinking Project, through grants from the United States Information Agency, facilitated student and educator exchanges among 10 schools in Georgia (USA) and Russia. This paper describes the results of the experience during the 1995–1996 school year. One hundred students lived in each others' homes for two three-week periods, participated in environmental research activities in American and Russian communities, and lived in the context of each others culture. Students were helped by their teachers to construct ideas about environmental topics outlined in the curriculum of the Global Thinking Project (http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwgtp/gtp.html). Students and teachers were involved in two episodes of problem identification, data collection and analysis at five sites in each country, and two Global Environmental Summits in Moscow and Atlanta. The students activity is described as that of a citizen scientist—one who combines the process of science with public policy decision making.     

论科学家责任的困境

科学家责任是科学责任与社会责任的有机结合。两者的有机结合从科学家个体出发,可以对科学的发展和人类社会的进步做出巨大贡献。但就目前情况而言,科学家由于自身的矛盾性致使其在履行责任时陷入困境,在其应尽的责任方面不尽如人意。