辽宁省成年人工作与睡眠时间对体质影响的研究

采用问卷调查法、数理统计法,探讨了辽宁省成年人工作与睡眠时间对体质的影响,旨在为人们更好地生活提供依据。     

Generalized trust among rural-to-urban migrants in China: Role of relative deprivation and neighborhood context

China has experienced sizeable internal migration in the past several decades. This research examines the implications of internal migration on generalized trust in China. Using data from the 2014 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), a nationally representative survey, we compared the level of self-rated generalized trust in strangers among Chinese rural-to-urban migrants, rural nonmigrants, and urban nonmigrants. We further assessed the mediating effects of relative deprivation and neighborhood context in the relationship between migration status and generalized trust. The results show that migrants are less trusting than rural and urban nonmigrants after adjusting for relevant sociodemographic characteristics. The mediation analysis suggests that relative deprivation partially explains the difference in generalized trust between migrants and rural nonmigrants, and it greatly mediates the trust gap between migrants and urban nonmigrants. The neighborhood context largely explains the difference in generalized trust between migrants and rural nonmigrants. Moreover, urban nonmigrants are less trusting than migrants when taking neighborhood context into consideration, which indicates a suppression effect of neighborhood context on the relationship between migrant status and social trust in urban China. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how social trust changes in the process of internal migration. Policy implications are discussed.     

太极拳对老年人睡眠质量影响的研究

探讨太极拳对老年人睡眠质量的影响。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷,对吕梁市200名老年人进行测试。结果：进行太极拳锻炼的老年人的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数明显小于对照组的老年人（P〈0．05）。结论：太极拳能有效改善老年人的睡眠质量。     

Targeting educational disadvantage by area: continuity and change in urban areas in England, 1968–2014

Focusing on data and policies from England, trends in educational disadvantage by area are traced from the late 1960s when the first pilot projects were established in the UK, to the present. The origins of these developments and the subsequent rises and falls of such area-based policies in England are reviewed. Specially collected data for the pilot areas from the 1960s and national data for England from 2000 are used to draw out some striking patterns of changes over the period. Though many of the areas remain highly disadvantaged, educational measures at age 16 and at entry to higher education (HE) indicate some important changes. Thus the settled, white working-class pilot area in the 1960s with just below average results had fallen back very substantially by 2013, particularly in entry to HE. By contrast the newly settled Asian immigrant area in Birmingham where educational performance was exceptionally poor in the 1960s had moved above average despite remaining highly disadvantaged. Analysis of the national results since 2000 using local area data showed that these trends were widespread across England. Disadvantaged ‘multicultural urban areas’ were doing markedly better than the disadvantaged white working-class urban areas, where in many cases traditional industries had closed. This was especially marked at entry to HE where multicultural areas had rates close to the national average of 40% while white working-class urban areas had rates of entry to HE of between 10% and 15% of the age group and this gap has widened rapidly in recent years. These trends are likely to be the source of major resentment, with one group finding itself increasingly excluded from higher level employment opportunities, and the other failing to find opportunities that match their expectations once they leave education.     

身体活动量与睡眠品质的相关性研究

目的在了解不同的个人属性对身体活动量及睡眠品质的影响,并探讨身体活动量与睡眠品质的现状及其相关性。对浙江省高校教师采用多阶段分层随机抽样,研究工具是采用结构式问卷,以自填问卷方式收集资料,有效样本共计367名,所得资料以两组样本t检验、卡方检验、单因子变异数分析等统计方法进行分析。研究结果表明:高校教师身体活动量不足者占65.94%;不同性别的睡眠品质无差异;不同年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况、自觉压力状况、自觉健康状况及健康比较方面的睡眠品质显著差异;不同的身体活动量对整体睡眠品质无显著差异,对睡眠品质各构成因素方面,个人主观睡眼品质及白天功能障碍有显著差异。     

Wilderness Schooling: A controlled trial of the impact of an outdoor education programme on attainment outcomes in primary school pupils

Gaps in education attainment between high and low achieving children in the primary school years are frequently evidenced in educational reports. Linked to social disadvantage, these gaps have detrimental long‐term effects on learning. There is a need to close the gap in attainment by addressing barriers to learning and offering alternative contexts for education. There is increasing evidence for beneficial impacts of education delivered outdoors, yet most programmes are un‐structured, and evidence is anecdotal and lacks experimental rigour. In addition, there is a wealth of social‐emotional outcomes reported yet little in the way of educational attainment outcomes. The current study explores the educational impact of a structured curriculum‐based outdoor learning programme for primary school children: ‘Wilderness Schooling’. A matched‐groups design: Wilderness Schooling (n=223) and conventional schooling (n=217), was used to compare attainment data in English reading, English writing and maths, collected at three time‐points: Pre‐ (T1) and post‐intervention (T2) and at a 6‐week follow up (T3). Data show that children in the Wilderness Schooling group significantly improved their attainment in all three subjects compared to controls. Trajectories of impact indicated attainment continued to increase from baseline in the following weeks after the intervention concluded. These results allow the case to be made for the core curriculum to be conducted outdoors to improve children's learning. However, it is important to consider that there are likely to be various components of the intervention that could form a theory of change essential to reported outcomes.     

浅谈睡眠剥夺对学习记忆的影响

现代生活节奏紧张,睡眠剥夺现象非常普遍,这直接影响了人们的学习和记忆等功能;睡眠剥夺作为一种研究睡眠对人和动物影响的实验方法越来越受到重视,这种方法对于人们研究睡眠剥夺(sleep deprivation,SD)对学习记忆的影响有非常高的价值;从长时程突触增强机制和一氧化氮毒性作用等方面综述睡眠剥夺对学习记忆的影响机制。     

快速眼球运动睡眠剥夺对记忆和突触可塑性的影响及其分子机制的研究进展

睡眠不足是快节奏的现代社会人们需要面对的越来越严重的问题之一,而长期的睡眠不足又会导致认知功能障碍。睡眠剥夺会影响实验动物的学习记忆能力已得到广泛认可。本文回顾总结了近些年有关快速眼球运动睡眠剥夺对记忆和突触可塑性的影响及其分子机制的研究新进展,以期为相关治疗靶点和治疗药物的研究提供理论支持和启发。     

Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists

Both sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality are prominent in American society, especially in college student populations. Sleep problems are often a primary disorder rather than secondary to depression. The purpose of the present study was to determine if sleep deprivation and/or poor sleep quality in a sample of nondepressed university students was associated with lower academic performance. A significant negative correlation between Global Sleep Quality score (GSQ) on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and grade point average supports the hypothesis that poor sleep quality is associated with lower academic performance for nondepressed students. Implications for both the remedial (assessment and treatment) and preventive (outreach) work of college and university counseling centers is discussed.     

从古今睡眠方式的变化看汉语词义系统的动态平衡

汉语的词义是成系统的,词义在演变中,其语义场内部要素也发生了相应动态的调整,这在一定程度上显示了词义的系统性。先秦时人们睡眠或直体横陈,睡在床上;或趴在几上睡。由于几这种卧具在后代消失,睡眠语义场在睡眠方式上不再强调卧具的对立,只保留睡眠状态上的内部对立。这揭示了汉语词义系统在发展中为了维护平衡而采取内部调整的语言现象。