老年人养生保健的科学理论研究

动静结合是中华民族传统保健理论的精华之一，文章针对当今老龄化的社会发展趋势，以科学的态度从运动和睡眠两个方面对老年人养生保健理论进行了深入探索，继承和发展传统养生理论，更好地指导老人们的养和保健。     

广东省大学生睡眠、早餐和早锻炼意向的调查--以嘉应学院大学生为例

通过对嘉应学院学生睡眠、早餐和早锻炼意向的调查，我们发现62％广东大学生对时间的价值有较高的认识水平；其中可望对早上闲暇时间具有全部支配权的人占61％；73％的人倾向于晚上11点——12点之同的就寝；而晚上10．30之前就寝的人仅占被调查对象总数的5％；88％的人每天睡眠的时间少于8小时；86％的人早餐消费在2元以内。55％的人每星期有2天或2天以上不用早餐；同意5——15分钟锻炼的人点72％；采取跑步、和散步的人占57％，从事球类运动的人占43％。现代大学生的人体模型，这些人思想活跃有比较强的时间价值观；有比较明显的自我意识。一方面渴望自己管理和安排自己的生活，另一方面又缺少必要的自控能力和营养健康知识；他们多数缺乏营养，睡眠不足，缺少足够的体能和精力。     

The families of children who fail to thrive: preliminary investigations of parental deprivation among organic and non-organic cases

A majority of cases of failure to thrive (FTT) do not have a known organic etiology. Social and psychological determinants are sought for these "non-organic failure to thrive" (N-O FTT) cases. Social and psychological differences between non-organic and organic cases are also explored here. With the introduction of the term, "maternal deprivation," medical practitioners have implicated mothers' deficiencies as instrumental in the etiology of N-O FTT. However, these mothers are themselves usually deprived. Lack of cooperation in childcare by both parents is noted when classic clinical cases are reviewed. We suggest that the concept, "parental deprivation," provides a more accurate model. Preliminary research findings support our hypothesis that mothers of FTT infants do not have good social support networks. Teen motherhood and socioeconomic status also appear to be important, but not necessary as determinants. An unexpected finding is that there are few differences in the social deficiencies of families of N-O FTT infants as compared to those failing for organic reasons. Two unanticipated findings appear noteworthy. First, infants failing for organic reasons are significantly smaller and thinner at birth, independent of pregnancy complications or prematurity. Second, infants failing for non-organic reasons are more likely to present during the period of infant-caretaker role development and less likely in the later toddler stage. Additional research into the feasibility of strengthening family supports as a basis of intervention is recommended.     

大学生睡眠质量与睡眠卫生意识现状

以中文版的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，PSQI）和自编的睡眠卫生意识问卷为工具，考察了重庆市878名大学生的睡眠质量和睡眠卫生意识现状。结果表明：大学生PSQI的总平均值为5．30，标准差为2．63；大学生周末／工作日的睡眠质量差异显著，周末显著高于工作日；总体睡眠质量性别差异不显著，但在分量表上差异显著，女生的睡眠效率高于男生，睡眠时间却短于男生；睡眠质量的年级差异因性别不同而不同，男生的PSOI总分随年级的增加而表现出不断增加的趋势，而女生随年级的变化不大。调查结果还发现，大学生普遍对自己睡眠质量的评估过于乐观；面对睡眠困难约有63％的大学生表示不愿意求助他人，约有40％的被试从未为此做出任何努力；男生对睡眠卫生的意识普遍差于女生。     

刘姥姥醉卧怡红院的荒诞性及其创意求索

刘姥姥醉卧怡红院一事是一幕生动而又滑稽的闹剧。它既展示了贾宝玉生活环境的超华，也写尽了刘姥姥豁达、率直、幽默、随和及大智若愚的个性和奇遇，给人以愉悦和遐思。怡红院本是一方禁地，闲人焉得轻易入内？她的径进委实是荒诞不经的。如是而论，此举只有场梦幻释解方合情理，这也许是曹公的真正创意。因为大梦红楼毕竟是由一个个小梦连串而成的。     

Changing legislation and its effects on inclusive and special education: Scotland

This article, by Sheila Riddell and Elisabet Weedon of the Centre for Research in Education Inclusion and Diversity, University of Edinburgh, analyses recent policy developments and outcomes in the field of additional support needs in Scotland in the context of devolution and austerity, drawing on a critical analysis of policy and administrative data. While there is a growing tendency in Scottish policy discourse to ‘decentre’ England as a main point of comparison, in the field of special and additional support needs policy there appear to be strong correspondences between the two jurisdictions. England appears to be following Scotland's lead in producing new types of statutory support plans and placing greater emphasis on children's rights. At the same time, these policy changes are being implemented in different policy contexts, with homogenous governance arrangements characterising the Scottish school system, compared with increasing complexity within the English system. In terms of the growth of the category of social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD in Scotland, BESD in England) there are strong cross‐border parallels. Children in these categories tend to live in deprived areas and are unlikely to have statutory support plans. Overall, this indicates the importance of analysing not just policy discourse, but also policy outcomes.     

教育均衡问题的客观性与主观性

用库兹涅茨曲线及相对剥夺理论分析与解读教育均衡问题所呈现的复杂现象,并提出教育均衡问题不仅是一个教育领域中的问题,也是一个复杂的社会问题,整个社会的公平与平等是教育均衡与公平的根本。     

Do some schools narrow the gap? Differential school effectiveness by ethnicity,gender, poverty,and prior achievement

This study analyses the educational progress of an entire national cohort of over 530,000 pupils in England between age 7 in 2000 and age 11 in 2004. The results show that Black Caribbean boys not entitled to free school meals, and particularly the more able pupils, made significantly less progress than their White British peers. There is no evidence that the gap results from Black Caribbean pupils attending less effective schools. There is also no evidence of differential effectiveness in relation to ethnic group; schools that were strong in facilitating the progress of White British pupils were equally strong in facilitating the progress of Black Caribbean pupils. There was some evidence of differential school effectiveness by pupil prior achievement, gender, and poverty, but the absolute sizes of the effects were small. The results suggest the poor progress of Black Caribbean pupils reflects a systemic issue rather than the influence of a small number of “low quality” schools.     

Children's sleep regulation is linked to mothers’ sleep-related childhood experiences

The present research explored how mothers’ own childhood experiences are linked to their perceptions of their children's sleep regulation. It focused on collective sleeping; a practice used in the past in the Israeli kibbutz, and used a quasi-experimental research design to examine whether mothers who were raised in collective sleeping arrangements differed from mothers who were raised in home sleeping. Two typically developing cohorts: infants (n = 68; ages 9–15 months; M = 12.2, SD = 2.2) and preschool children (n = 113; ages 48–55 months; M = 51.5, SD = 1.85) participated in this investigation. Sleep regulation and temperament were reported for infants and children, whereas for mothers data were collected on separation anxiety and appraisal of the ecology in which they were raised. Collectively raised mothers evaluated their upbringing significantly more negatively than home-raised mothers, expressed higher separation anxiety with regard to an alternative caregiver, but were not different in their views of their child's sleep difficulties. For infants, it was maternal separation anxiety that contributed uniquely to the explained variance in maternal view of sleep regulation difficulties. For preschool children, it was maternal evaluation of own childhood ecology and child's temperament that contributed uniquely to the explained variance in maternal view of sleep regulation difficulties. These findings suggest that mothers’ representations of their sleep-related early experiences, rather than their childhood ecology in and of itself, influenced their perceptions about their child's sleep, which, in turn, affect child's sleep patterns. Implications to caregiving are discussed.     

重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)提高睡眠质量的研究

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)改善睡眠的效果,为使用rTMS提高运动员的睡眠质量提供理论基础。方法:采用被试内设计,在被试脑干的中缝核区域分别施加假刺激(S)、无刺激(N)和磁刺激(T),比较刺激后主观感觉、生理及行为的变化。结果:在被试脑干的中缝核区域施加1 Hz,80%RMT,1 500次rTMS(持续10 s间隔2 s)后,被试的自评睡眠质量提高,状态焦虑降低;呼吸曲线的波动减少、呼吸频率降低,脉率降低,心率变异性(HRV)的相邻NN间期差值的均方根(RMSSD)和相邻NN间期差值的标准差(SDSD)降低;肢体活动减少。结论:rTMS能够提高睡眠质量,rTMS刺激后呼吸、脉率以及心率变异性(HRV)的变化在一定程度上可以对其生理效果进行解释。