自闭症谱系障碍患者选择性注意研究述评

自1943年Kanner首次提出“自闭症”一词时起便发现该群体存在注意障碍.随着认知信息加工取向研究的盛行,研究者更倾向于从领域一般性角度来研究自闭症谱系障碍患者的注意问题.选择性注意作为注意的一个重要方面,成为自闭症谱系障碍领域的研究热点.文章在对文献资料进行梳理的基础上,介绍了一些关于自闭症谱系障碍患者选择注意的研究,并重点介绍了知觉负载理论框架下的新成果.最后,对自闭症谱系障碍患者选择性注意的研究进行了小结,并对新框架下的研究进行了展望.     

Body mass index and anxiety/depression as mediators of the effects of child sexual and physical abuse on physical health disorders in women

The relation between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and physical health disorders in adulthood, and what factors may serve as mediators, remains poorly understood. Using data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (N = 3,486), we tested whether CSA was associated with physical health disorders in adult women and if mediated effects via body mass index (BMI), anxiety/depression, alcohol dependence, and smoking were present. Compared to women with no CSA, women who had experienced CSA involving intercourse had more than twice the odds of being obese, more than 3 times the odds of experiencing mental health disorders, more than 4 times the odds of being alcohol dependent, more than 5 times the odds of being drug dependent, and more than 6 times the odds of attempting suicide. Those experiencing both CSA and child physical abuse (CPA) were on average over 11 kg heavier than those with neither CSA nor CPA. After controlling for demographics, CPA, and childhood bullying, CSA was associated with the majority of physical health disorders studied (typically 50–100% increases in odds). Evidence was found consistent with mediation by BMI (typically accounting for 5–20% increases in odds) and anxiety/depression (typically accounting for 8–40% increases in odds), in a dose-response manner, for the majority of physical health disorders. Bidirectional relations among these mediators and physical health disorders, and residual confounding, may have led to overestimation of mediation through BMI and anxiety/depression and underestimation of mediation through alcohol/smoking. Relations between both CPA and childhood bullying and physical health disorders in adulthood were also found. Longitudinal studies employing more sensitive measures of potential mediators are now required.     

人本主义教育理念下的大学生心理健康辅导

当代大学生,生活在社会主义市场经济和对外开放的条件下,受各种思想文化的影响,认知方式偏重主观化,具有新的特点[1]。本文是一篇针对高校学生普遍存在的"表现欲望高,是非观念低,心理耐性差"心理特点的研究,运用人本主义理论的中心疗法,着力解决问题学生的心理失调,以达到预期的效果。同时,为大学生心理健康课的教学工作提供案例指导,以便在教学过程中更加了解学生的心理特点,运用恰当的教学方法,真正的达到教学育人的目的。     

Research on interventions for children and young people on the autistic spectrum: a critical perspective

Developing, implementing and evaluating programmes of intervention for children and young people on the autistic spectrum are challenging endeavours. In this paper, we adopt a critical approach to research in this area, and attempt to offer an alternative perspective for understanding and interpreting empirical evaluations. We outline and discuss theoretical, methodological and practical issues and limitations associated with the current research body, and provide illustrative examples of gaps in the current literature.     

The effects of teaching self-determination skills on the externalizing behaviors of students with emotional behavioral disorders

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of teaching self- determination skills on the externalizing behaviors of students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The Research method was quasi experimental with pre and post- test and control group. To achieve our goals, thirty students who received high scores in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were selected and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (N = 15) or the control group (N = 15). Students in the experimental group participated in 16 sessions (1 session per week) receiving Self determination curriculum (Field and Hoffman’s model) intervention, and the control group did not receive any training. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by participants was completed before and after intervention. MANOVA was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the effects of teaching self- determination skills on decreasing the externalizing behaviors of students with emotional and behavioral disorders was significant. The emerged finding can have clinical applications in prevention and treatment of student’s behavioral disorders. Implications and future directions for research and practice are discussed.     

用认知失调理论审视数学课程改革

数学课程改革中难免出现关于认知和行为方面的问题,这些问题可以归结为认知理念、认知现实、认知行为上的失调,应用认知失调理论分析研究上述存在的问题,得出加强理念培训、改善教学环境、建立科学的评价体系是减少失调的有效途径.     

转型期我国行政伦理的失范及其治理对策

21世纪初的中国,其文明形态、经济体制等各方面都处于一个激烈变革的转型期,行政伦理也不例外。旧的伦理规范失去了效用,而新的伦理规范尚未完全确立。这导致了诸多的行政伦理失范问题,如权力寻租、权钱交易等。文章对行政伦理失范的表现和原因进行了分析,并提出了系统的治理对策,以期尽早地解决行政伦理的失范问题。     

Severe developmental language disorder — Reading and spelling

Linguistic awareness i.e. the ability to identify phonemes, to segment words into syllables and to rhyme is highly correlated with reading/spelling proficiency. Children with severe developmental language disorders DLD (syntagmatic type) have been shown to specifically lack linguistic awareness. Two non-identical twin boys with severe, specific DLD were studied longitudinally with respect to their linguistic, neurolinguistic and pragmatic development. In spite of poor linguistic awareness, the boys acquired normal reading/spelling skills. This might be due to the early and massive language training they were given. However, the boys differ considerably in some aspects of reading and spelling performance. These findings are discussed with reference to their different neurolinguistic and pragmatic profiles.     

Reduce,manage or cope: a review of strategies for training school staff to address challenging behaviours displayed by students with intellectual/developmental disabilities

Members of a knowledge translation and exchange (KTE) research team assessed the training needs of the teaching staff at a school for individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDD). In response to this need, KTE researchers retrieved peer‐reviewed articles for training staff working with individuals with IDD who exhibit challenging behaviours. These articles were categorised according to the following training content: (1) interventions designed to reduce the frequency of challenging behaviours; (2) appropriate ways to manage challenging behaviours in the moment to promote safety for all parties and/or to terminate the ongoing behaviour; and/or (3) procedures or perspectives relevant to coping with or ameliorating the negative impacts of challenging behaviours on staff. We then examined the training methods (teaching strategies, training duration) involved in teaching the content and assessed the effectiveness of these programmes. Overall, we found that effective training programmes consisted of workshops, practica and feedback on specific skill performance. Some forms of brief training were effective for increasing staffs' knowledge/skills and reducing the frequency of challenging behaviour.     

睡眠剥夺对小鼠学习记忆和免疫功能的影响

应用水迷宫学习模型测试慢性不完全睡眠剥夺组动物和正常对照组动物的空间学习记忆能力,并计算出两组小鼠的胸腺指数和脾脏指数.结果发现,慢性不完全睡眠剥夺组动物与正常对照组相比,动物到达水下平台的时间和游程明显增加（P＜0.01）;动物的胸腺指数显著减小（P＜0.001）.说明慢性不完全睡眠剥夺导致小鼠学习记忆能力下降和免疫功能减弱.