Anorexia athletica in pre-professional ballet dancers

Abstract

Competitive sport has been under increasing discussion as a possible favourable factor in the development of eating disorders among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sport-specific eating disorders, in line with the concept of anorexia athletica. This prospective field study included one experimental group and two control groups (disease and healthy). Fifty-two pre-professional ballet dancers aged 13–20 years were tested for clinical eating disorders, anorexia athletica criteria, eating disorder related psychopathology and self-concept, and were compared with 52 patients with anorexia nervosa and 44 non-athletic controls of the same age. The study was conducted using semi-structured interviews as well as self-report questionnaires. A clinical eating disorder diagnosis was made in 1.9% of the ballet dancers versus 0% of the high school students; anorexia athletica was diagnosed in 5.8% of the dancers versus 2.3% of the students. Ballet dancers scored lower than patients with anorexia nervosa with regard to eating disorder related psychopathology and higher than the patients with regard to self-concept. We conclude that more sensitive tools to differentiate between sport-specific (eating) patterns, anorexia athletica and clinically relevant eating disorders are needed, especially for aesthetic sports such as ballet. It remains an important goal to identify athletes with symptoms of anorexia athletica irrespective of their physique and/or sport.     

Acute sleep hygiene strategy improves objective sleep latency following a late-evening soccer-specific training session: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sleep hygiene (SH) education on sleep quality in soccer players after a late-evening small-sided-game (SSG) training session. Twenty-nine non-professional players were recruited and allocated to either an experimental group (EG, n = 17) that received SH education, or a control group (CG, n = 12). SSG consisted of 3 × 4 min in a 4vs4, with 3 min of recovery and was performed at 8.00 p.m. Sleep quality was monitored via actigraphy and sleep diary entries before (PRE) and two nights after (POST1, POST2) the SSG. Sleep latency (SL) differed between the two groups at POST1 (4.9 ± 5.4 vs. 15.5 ± 16.1 for EG and CG, respectively; p = 0.017, effect size [ES] = 2.0); SL values were lower at POST1 compared to PRE for the EG (?47%; p = 0.021, ES = 0.6). Subjective sleep quality was better in the EG than the CG at POST1 (8.6 ± 1.0 vs. 7.1 ± 2.0 for EG and CG, respectively; p = 0.016, ES = 0.9) with a significant improvement over PRE-values (+11.0%, p = 0.004, ES = 0.8). Although SL and subjective sleep quality did not decrease significantly from POST1 to POST2 values at POST2 no longer differed significantly form baseline and, hence, indicate that observed effects may be short-lasting. No other objective sleep indices were influenced by late-evening training or SH practices implemented by the EG. Soccer players may benefit from acute SH strategies to reduce the time to sleep onset after late-evening training sessions.     

Naps and Sleep Deprivation: Why Academic Libraries Should Consider Adding Nap Stations to their Services for Students

Since the invention of artificial light, people have been working, studying, and playing for longer hours than ever before. They are also sleeping less as a result. This article examines the impact of sleep deprivation on people generally, and specifically on college students. Students accrue a large sleep debt that impairs their ability to function adequately. Students suffering from sleep deprivation can be as impaired as if they are drunk. They suffer damage to their minds and bodies. Adequate sleep can repair this damage, but with the many demands on college students, they may be unlikely to be able to accomplish this. Studies have indicated that naps are beneficial in helping to reduce students' sleep debts. Universities are realizing the importance of naps, and university libraries may be ideal locations for napping stations. Several options of providing students with safe comfortable napping areas are discussed.     

应用生物反馈技术的焦虑症图书馆阅读疗法研究

[目的/意义]阅读疗法是通过针对性文献的学习、讨论和领悟，养护与恢复身心健康的一种方法。现今，中国焦虑人群的增多、阅读推广的提倡，使焦虑症治疗、情绪自动干预、趣味性提升成为图书馆阅读疗法的重要需求。探索以生物反馈训练焦虑者的正确情绪，提升疗法趣味性与疗效。[方法/过程]在江苏大学图书馆开展焦虑症阅读疗法，建立书方标签画像，结合生物反馈技术自动干预、训练焦虑者阅读时的情绪反应。[结果/结论]SAS焦虑量表的前后测数据的统计对比表明，实验组疗效显著，且因子项的三大种类存在疗效的差异。推广应用分析显示，图书馆开展此类疗法具有可行性。     

磁力床垫对中长跑运动员心境状态和睡眠质量的影响

为检测磁力床垫对中长跑运动员心境状态和睡眠质量的影响,采用文献资料法、实验比较法、问卷调查法和数理统计法,以现役29名中长跑运动员为研究对象,其中15名为实验组（使用磁力床垫）、14名为对照组（使用普通床垫）,对他们大运动量训练后的心境状态和睡眠质量展开调查,结果表明：（1）使用磁力床垫的实验组在调节心境状态方面明显优于使用普通床垫的对照组,它能够明显缓解运动员疲劳、恢复精力、抚平慌乱情绪和有效处理纷乱情绪;（2）磁力床垫在中长跑运动员提高睡眠质量方面,主要体现在能够延长睡眠的有效时间。     

高原健康房对机体睡眠前后血氧饱和度的影响

目的：探讨高原健康房对移居者睡眠前后血氧饱和度（SaO2）的影响。方法：在海拔3 700 m建立＂高原健康房＂,10名移居高原1年半的健康青年入健康房休息和睡眠10 h,观察受试者睡眠前后SaO2的变化及出健康房后4 h内SaO2的改变,并与普通房间组比较。结果：健康房组第二日晨起安静时SaO2较睡眠前增高5.7%,差别有显著性（P〈0.01）,受试者出健康房后1 h、2 h的SaO2依次为（94.00±1.25）%、（93.40±0.70）%,与普通房间组比较差别均有显著性。结论：建立高原健康房可明显提高人体睡眠后的SaO2,改善睡眠质量。     

AD/HD: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention seeking? Ways of distinguishing two common childhood problems

Nigel Mellor recently retired from his work with the educational psychology service in North Tyneside. In this article, he proposes that attention-seeking behaviour may lead to major difficulties at home and school and indicates the ways in which recent research is beginning to clarify the area. Attention deficit disorders also cause great concern. However, the extremely widespread range of attention-seeking behaviours may easily lead to their being confused with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Nigel Mellor explores ways to distinguish these two behaviour problems. This, he argues, may help target interventions more efficiently. However, a great deal of further research is called for.     

Females exposed to 24 h of sleep deprivation do not experience greater physiological strain,but do perceive heat illness symptoms more severely,during exercise-heat stress

There is limited and inconclusive evidence surrounding the physiological and perceptual responses to heat stress while sleep deprived, especially for females. This study aimed to quantify the effect of 24 h sleep deprivation on physiological strain and perceptual markers of heat-related illness in females. Nine females completed two 30-min heat stress tests (HST) separated by 48 h in 39°C, 41% relative humidity at a metabolic heat production of 10 W · kg^?1. The non-sleep deprived HST was followed by the sleep deprivation (SDHST) trial for all participants during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Physiological and perceptual measures were recorded at 5 min intervals during the HSTs. On the cessation of the HSTs, heat illness symptom index (HISI) was completed. HISI scores increased after sleep deprivation by 28 ± 16 versus 20 ± 16 (P = 0.01). Peak (39.40 ± 0.35°C vs. 39.35 ± 0.33°C) and change in rectal temperature (1.91 ± 0.21 vs. 1.93 ± 0.34°C), and whole body sweat rate (1.08 ± 0.31 vs. 1.15 ± 0.36 L · h^?1) did not differ (P > 0.05) between tests. No difference was observed in peak, nor rise in: heart rate, mean skin temperature, perceived exertion or thermal sensation during the HSTs. Twenty-four hours sleep deprivation increased perceptual symptoms associated with heat-related illness; however, no thermoregulatory alterations were observed.     

大学生人际交往障碍心因分析

大学生人际交往中存在着一些负面因素,本文从人格、认知、情感三个方面探讨了影响大学生建立良好人际关系的因素,并指出了解决问题的方向。