工程数学中的数学建模方法初探

本文介绍了在工程数学教学中融入数学建模思想的方法,提出可在工程数学中有机地切入数学实验,从而激发学生学习数学的兴趣,从而培养学生的创造精神、创新意识和应用能力。     

我国教育实习的发展历史和现存问题分析

我国有着源远流长的教育实习传统。从春秋孔子提出学、思、行相结合的教学理念,到盛宣怀创办南洋公学师范学院附小,再到今天,教育实习从内容到形式都得以不断丰富和完善。然而与西欧教育发达国家相比,我国教育实习在理念上还相对滞后,在实践上又存在诸多问题。试从建设长期性合作型教育实习基地的视角,论证其在解决目前教育实习中四大突出问题的合理性有重大的现实意义。     

Third graders' use of writing to facilitate learning of engineering concepts

Incorporating engineering instruction into the elementary curriculum is not without challenges. Traditionally, researchers investigated using engineering design to promote students learning science concepts. More recently, researchers have conducted qualitative investigations to measure students' learning of engineering concepts after engaging in engineering design. In this study, we extended work on elementary engineering instruction by implementing an integrated engineering and writing unit with 58 third-grade students. Using stratified random assignment based on pre-intervention engineering vocabulary assessment scores, we assigned students to treatment (n = 28) or comparison (n = 30). During a 10-day unit, all students participated in design challenges, emulated the practices of actual engineers, and used writing to support and document their learning, as they designed and authored their own five-page pop-up books. Students in the treatment condition participated in additional writing during 8 of the 10 unit lessons. During this time, they responded to journal prompts related to lesson objectives. At the same time, students in the comparison condition participated in small-group discussions during which they discussed journal prompts orally. We found that all students made statistically significant gains from pre- to posttest on an engineering vocabulary assessment; total words written, number of different engineering concepts used, and depth of understanding of engineering concepts in a written essay response; and number of different engineering concepts used in an oral interview response, regardless of their incoming writing skills and regardless of whether they participated in additional writing or small-group discussion of lesson objectives. This study is the first to quantitatively document the effectiveness of a combined elementary engineering and writing intervention for promoting students' learning of engineering concepts in multiple ways (rote recall, written representation, and oral representation). We argue that literacy, particularly writing, provides an effective and feasible method for incorporating engineering instruction into the elementary curriculum.     

Fostering Authentic Problem Seeking: A Step Toward Social Justice Engagement

Because of these learners’ potential as future leaders, it is imperative that educators develop gifted students’ ability to identify and solve complex social justice problems. Nourishing students’ affective traits, including empathy for others, understanding of themselves, and the ability to connect to others in local and global society, will help students to recognize and seek out authentic problems. This article examines the nuances around the creative problem-solving process and how educators can infuse the curriculum with opportunities to develop and strengthen the skills students need to become engaged, real-world problem seekers, as we call it, and problem solvers. Through the combination of social justice issues and creative problem seeking, students can be motivated to engage with the community and promote positive change in the world.     

数学问题解决中个体的CPFS结构对迁移的影响

一个数学概念C的所有等价定义的图式,叫做概念C的概念域.一组具有数学抽象关系的概念网络的图式叫做概 念系.与命题A等价的命题集的图式叫做命题A的命题域.在一个命题集中,其中任意一个命题都至少与其它某一个命题有“ 推出” 关系,就称这个命题集的图式为一个命题系.概念域、概念系、命题域、命题系(记为 CPFS 结构)是对数学认知 结构的精确描述,它反应了数学学习特有的心理现象和规律.数学解题中的远迁移与个体的 CPFS 结构密切相关,优良的 CPFS 结构有助于远迁移的产生.     

问题与问题解决在数学教学中的作用

数学解题研究一直是一个十分活跃的领域,数学教育中“问题解决”的提出对于“问题”和“问题解决”都赋予了更为宽广的含义,对数学教育的发展产生了很大的影响。问题与问题解决具有四大功能:掌握知识的功能、认识的功能、教育与发展的功能以及评价的功能。问题解决在教学中有五大作用:理解作用、评价作用、调节作用、发展作用以及增强应用意识作用。     

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区景观生态问题解析

根据黄河三角洲高效生态经济区土地利用现状,运用景观生态学原理,对生态经济区各行政区景观类型多样性、斑块多样性和格局多样性现状,存在的问题和解决方案进行了解析.结果表明:该区域景观类型齐全,以耕地为主,但分布不均衡;景观破碎化水平相对较低,生态环境尚好,但随着人为干扰加剧,一些关键景观要素如湿地、林地、农田等破碎化趋势加剧;该区域还存在湿地退化,林地分布较不均匀,城市和农村建设用地格局较分散的特点.为防止景观进一步脆弱化,生态经济区应加强土地集约利用水平,发展高效生态产业,加强生态功能区划,加强湿地等种子斑块保护,并采取有效生态管理对策.     

PISA2012问题解决评估框架分析及其对教学改革的启示*

“国际学生评估项目”（PISA）是经济合作与发展组织（OECD）为应答学生学业成绩的跨国比较研究需要而发动的,它着重评价青少年怎样在新的情境中运用知识和技能,即运用知识和技能迎接现实生活挑战的能力。“问题解决能力”的测评是2003年PISA评估中的附加内容,2012年再次把问题解决作为PISA评估项目之一。本文试图以OECD公布的PISA2012问题解决能力框架和方法、样题来反观我们的课堂,以期能为一线中小学教师的课堂教学提供一点思路和操作性建议。     

美国数学教育中的提出问题研究综述

在数学活动中,"提出问题"是指通过对情境的探索产生新问题,或在解决问题过程中对问题的再阐述.随着全美数学教师联合会<学校数学课程与评价标准>的颁布,提出问题成为美国数学课程的重要组成部分.最近20多年以来,美国在提出问题的教学研究方面取得了大量的研究成果.这些成果对于我国新课程下提出问题由课程理念向教学现实的转移具有借鉴和参考价值.     

A Graduate Programme in Science Education: Experiences and Suggestions

Summaries

English

The article presents an account of the personal experiences of the author during his participation in an American graduate programme in science education. The author describes the Ph.D. programme and the institution administering it i.e. the SESAME Group at the University of California at Berkeley. He outlines the important features of the programme in relation to admission requirements, course work, qualifying examination, and thesis research. This formal characterization is contrasted with his personal impression, and an attempt is made to evaluate the merits of his one‐year participation in the programme. In the final section, the possibilities and desirable modifications for an adequate adaptation of such a graduate programme in FR Germany or Europe are discussed.