遗体组织捐献利用与人格权制度创新研究

“脱离说”与“意志说”对人体组织法律性质的界定均无法解决遗体组织捐献过程中存在的法律困境。应对人格权进行适度扩张,规定只有在满足如下构成要件的情况下,人体组织才构成物,否则均属于人格权载体：首先,该人体组织需处于已经脱离人身的状态中。其次,自然人有放弃该人体组织作为人身组成部分的明确意思表示,但在该自然人仍然存活,且人体组织对该自然人已不具有任何人身或财产价值的情况下,不具有该意思表示亦可。最后,自然人为无民事行为能力人时得违背第二构成要件,不需要有明确意思表示,但该人体组织对该自然人必须已不具有任何人身或财产价值,同时其直系亲属类监护人须一致同意放弃该人体组织作为人身组成部分。这一构成要件的界定明确了遗体组织捐献时自然人行使人格权和物权处分的界限,亦明确了合法行为与非法行为的界限。     

论污染环境罪的既遂形态

污染环境罪既遂形态的判断关键在于对“严重污染环境”的理解.坚持传统的结果犯理论会导致入罪门槛过高,难免有放纵犯罪之嫌;而危险犯理论在应用于本罪时,极难就“危险状态”做出认定.《刑法》第338条所规定的污染环境行为,本身就是内涵损害的行为,且本罪要求行为达到“严重”程度方可入罪,与侮辱罪、诽谤罪等典型行为犯的构造特征契合,认定其为行为犯更符合立法者本意和司法实践的需求.     

Physical activity - an important preanalytical variable

The concentration of several biochemical and hematological biomarkers is strongly influenced by a number of preanalytical variables. Several lines of evidence attest that short, middle, and long-term exercise, as well as the relative intensity of physical effort (from mild to strenuous), may influence a broad array of laboratory variables. The amount of extracellular release and clearance from blood of most of these biomarkers is markedly influenced by the biological characteristics of the molecule(s), level of training, type, intensity and duration of exercise, and time of recovery after training. It is hence noteworthy that test results that fall outside the conventional reference ranges in athletes not only may reflect the presence of a given disease, but may frequently mirror an adaptation to regular training or changes that have occurred during and/or following strenuous exercise, and which should be clearly acknowledged to prevent misinterpretation of laboratory data. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update about the most significant changes of some biochemical and hematological biomarkers in response to physical exercise, for appropriate interpretation of these changes in the context of physically active subjects.     

露天煤矿区土地损毁与复垦景观指数分析简

露天煤矿区的资源开发会导致土地损毁和景观格局破坏,损毁土地的复垦规划和实施也应该考虑景观生态的保护。景观指数作为定量化研究景观格局的手段之一,其本身具有明显的尺度依赖性并存在生态学意义的重叠,因而针对矿区土地损毁与复垦过程进行景观指数尺度效应分析及代表性景观指数筛选是一个重要前提。本文以北方农牧交错生态脆弱区魏家峁露天煤矿区为例,应用景观生态学和传统统计学方法,分析了矿区开采前、开采结束和完全复垦3个阶段的13种格局水平景观指数的粒度效应,筛选了能够反映矿区开采损毁、复垦对景观格局产生影响的10个代表性景观指数。结果表明：除斑块丰富度密度指数外,其余12种景观指数表现出很强的粒度效应,该生态区露天煤矿区景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围为10~15m;最终确定表征该露天煤矿区开采结束后景观格局变化的代表性景观指数为香农多样性指数、景观形状指数、面积加权分维数和几何最邻近距离,表征该露天煤矿区完全复垦后景观格局变化的代表性景观指数为香农多样性指数、景观形状指数、面积加权分维数和聚集度。研究结果可为进一步分析露天煤矿区开采损毁与复垦多阶段、多复垦模式的景观格局变化提供参考,为切实保护矿区土地资源和景观生态提供指导。     

太子参组培苗瓶外生根技术研究

为了解决太子参组织培养育苗过程中周期长、生产成本高的问题,本试验采用太子参继代组培苗为试验材料,利用不同浓度和配比生根粉和生根基质对太子参继代组培苗进行瓶外生根试验,结果表明：1000mg／l生根粉和100％河沙是太子参生根诱导和壮苗培养的较佳处理浓度和基质。该试验缩短太子参育苗时间,提高组培室的周转效率,同时还可以节约人力、物力、降低生产成本。     

软组织损伤疼痛的手法治疗

临床上软组织损伤致颈肩腰腿痛等比较常见,治疗方法较多,文章主要就手法治疗方面对当前国内治疗概况作综述,以期对临床治疗颈肩腰腿痛等软组织损伤疼痛起一定参考意义。     

Protection against muscle damage in competitive sports players: the effect of the immunomodulator AM3

Strenuous physical exercise of the limb muscles commonly results in damage, especially when that exercise is intense, prolonged and includes eccentric contractions. Many factors contribute to exercise-induced muscle injury and the mechanism is likely to differ with the type of exercise. Competitive sports players are highly susceptible to this type of injury. AM3 is an orally administered immunomodulator that reduces the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and normalizes defective cellular immune fractions. The ability of AM3 to prevent chronic muscle injury following strenuous exercise characterized by eccentric muscle contraction was evaluated in a double-blind and randomized pilot study. Fourteen professional male volleyball players from the First Division of the Spanish Volleyball League volunteered to take part. The participants were randomized to receive either placebo (n?=?7) or AM3 (n?=?7). The physical characteristics (mean±s) of the placebo group were as follows: age 25.7±2.1 years, body mass 87.2±4.1?kg, height 1.89±0.07?m, maximal oxygen uptake 65.3±4.2?ml?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1. Those of the AM3 group were as follows: age 26.1±1.9 years, body mass 85.8±6.1?kg, height 1.91±0.07?m, maximal oxygen uptake 64.6±4.5?ml?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1. All participants were evaluated for biochemical indices of muscle damage, including concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase (CK) and its MB fraction (CK-MB), myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, both before and 30 days after treatment (over the peak of the competitive season). In the placebo group, competitive exercise (i.e. volleyball) was accompanied by significant increases in creatine kinase (494±51 to 560±53?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05) and myoglobin (76.8±2.9 to 83.9±3.1?μg?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05); aspartate aminotransferase (30.8±3.0 to 31.1±2.9?IU?·?l^?1) and lactate dehydrogenase (380±31 to 376±29?IU?·?l^?1) were relatively unchanged after the 30 days maximum effort. AM3 not only inhibited these changes, it led to a decrease from baseline serum concentrations of creatine kinase (503±49 to 316±37?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05) and myoglobin (80.1±3.2 to 44.1±2.6?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05), as well as aspartate aminotransferase (31.1±3.3 to 26.1±2.7?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (368±34 to 310±3?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05). The concentration of CK-MB was also significantly decreased from baseline with AM3 treatment (11.6±1.2 to 5.0±0.7?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05), but not with placebo (11.4±1.1 to 10.8±1.4?IU?·?l^?1). In conclusion, the use of immunomodulators, such as AM3, by elite sportspersons during competition significantly reduces serum concentrations of proteins associated with muscle damage.     

Effect of combined carbohydrate-protein ingestion on markers of recovery after simulated rugby union match-play

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of ingesting carbohydrate alone or carbohydrate with protein on functional and metabolic markers of recovery from a rugby union-specific shuttle running protocol. On three occasions, at least one week apart in a counterbalanced order, nine experienced male rugby union forwards ingested placebo, carbohydrate (1.2 g · kg body mass^?1 · h^?1) or carbohydrate with protein (0.4 g · kg body mass^?1 · h^?1) before, during, and after a rugby union-specific protocol. Markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase: before, 258 ± 171 U · L^?1 vs. 24 h after, 574 ± 285 U · L^?1; myoglobin: pre, 50 ± 18 vs. immediately after, 210 ± 84 nmol · L^?1; P < 0.05) and muscle soreness (1, 2, and 3 [maximum soreness = 8] for before, immediately after, and 24 h after exercise, respectively) increased. Leg strength and repeated 6-s cycle sprint mean power were slightly reduced after exercise (93% and 95% of pre-exercise values, respectively; P < 0.05), but were almost fully recovered after 24 h (97% and 99% of pre-exercise values, respectively). There were no differences between trials for any measure. These results indicate that in experienced rugby players, the small degree of muscle damage and reduction in function induced by the exercise protocol were not attenuated by the ingestion of carbohydrate and protein.     

Prediction of segmental lean mass using anthropometric variables in young adults

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometrical prediction equations for segmental lean tissue mass (SLM). One hundred and seventeen young healthy Caucasians (67 men and 50 women; mean age: 31.9 ± 10.0 years; Body Mass Index: 24.3 ± 3.2 kg · m^?2) were included. Body mass (BM), stretch stature (SS), 14 circumferences (CC), 13 skinfolds (SF) and 4 bone breadths (BB) were used as anthropometric measurements. Segmental lean mass of both arms, trunk and both legs were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry as the criterion method. Three prediction equations for SLM were developed as follows: arms = 40.394(BM) + 169.836(CCarm-tensed) + 399.162(CCwrist) – 85.414(SFtriceps) – 39.790(SFbiceps) – 7289.190, where Adj.R ² = 0.97, P < 0.001, and standard error of estimate (SEE) = 355 g;trunk = 181.530(BM) + 155.037(SS) + 534.818(CCneck) + 175.638(CCchest) ? 88.359(SFchest) ? 147.232(SFsupraspinale) ? 46522.165, where Adj.R ² = 0.97, P < 0.001, and SEE = 1077g; and legs = 55.838(BM) + 88.356(SS) + 235.579(CCmid-thigh) + 278.595(CCcalf) + 288.984(CCankle) ? 84.954(SFfront-thigh) ? 53.009(SFmedial calf) ? 28522.241, where Adj.R ² = 0.96, P < 0.001, and SEE = 724 g. Cross-validation statistics showed no significant differences (P < 0.05) between observed and predicted SLM. Root mean squared errors were smallest for arms (362 g), followed by legs (820 g) and trunk (1477 g). These new prediction equations allow an accurate estimation of segmental lean mass in groups of young adults, but estimation errors of 8 to 14% can occur in certain individuals.     

Neuromuscular,biochemical and perceptual post-match fatigue in professional rugby league forwards and backs

Abstract

In this study, we investigated changes in creatine kinase, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue of professional rugby league players after match-play. Twenty-three male rugby league players (10 backs, 13 forwards) had their creatine kinase, perceptual ratings of fatigue, attitude to training, muscle soreness, and flight time in a countermovement jump measured before and 1 and 2 days after (day 1 and day 2 respectively) league matches. Total playing time, offensive and defensive contacts were also recorded for each player. Creatine kinase was higher both 1 and 2 days after than before matches (P < 0.05) in forwards and backs. Similarly, perceived fatigue and muscle soreness were higher than pre-match on both days 1 and 2 (P < 0.05), but did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Jump performance was lower on day 1 but not day 2 for both groups (P < 0.05). While total playing time was longer in backs (P < 0.05), relative frequencies for all contacts were greater in forwards (P < 0.05). Contacts for forwards were correlated with all markers of fatigue (P < 0.05), but only flight time was correlated with offensive contacts in backs (P < 0.05). Despite the mechanisms of fatigue being different between forwards and backs, our results highlight the multidimensional nature of fatigue after a rugby league match and that these markers do not differ between positions.