钱学森对管理科学的丰富与发展

钱学森倡导的社会系统工程是组织管理现代化建设的技术,管理科学是它的基础科学。钱学森从人类活动的广阔视野,从运筹学概括出事理和物理的概念,推动了从研究物质的科学向研究事理科学的转变。同时,他通过对西方行为科学的分析与批判,将伦理学与法学纳入行为科学,拓宽了中国行为科学的视野。从战略科学家的角度,钱学森通过创建系统科学理论,推动了中国社会主义建设的组织管理水平的提高。     

论认知时空对语言时空的二次制约关系

由于人生活在时空范围内,任何言语交际都离不开时空表述ETS(The Verbal Expression of Time&Space),所以时空就成了交际的重要理论问题。但是交际中的"时空"不是笼统的,因为交际中除了"语言时空"外,还有"认知时空"。这两种"时空"不是互不相关的并列关系,而是有密切的制约和被制约关系。由此,我们提出"认知时空"对"语言时空"的四种制约关系:1.语义制约SR(Semantic Restrictions);2.理性制约RR(Rational Restrictions);3.语境制约CtR(Contextual Restrictions);4.历史制约HR(Historical Restrictions)。     

积极行为支持模式的发展及特点

文章梳理了积极行为支持之行为干预模式的起源和发展脉络,详细阐述了积极行为支持概念的意涵,重点分析了其价值观和哲学基础以及积极行为支持的理论和实践特点,最后分析了积极行为支持的应用趋势。积极行为支持模式对我国的融合教育有着借鉴意义。     

实习教师社会化行为模式探究

为了促进实习教师的社会化发展进程,在对以往关于实习教师社会化行为的研究成果进行梳理的基础上,本文以某省属师范院校音乐实习教师为研究对象,根据教育实习具体情境中实习教师的行为特点,归纳出"实习教师社会化行为螺旋嵌套模式",揭示了实习教师社会化行为发展的特殊性。     

Caregivers’ cortisol levels and perceived stress in home-based and center-based childcare

The current study examined professional caregivers’ perceived and physiological stress, and associations with the quality of care they provide. Participants were 55 female caregivers from childcare homes and 46 female caregivers from childcare centers in the Netherlands. In both types of settings, equivalent measures and procedures were used. On non-work days, caregivers’ salivary cortisol levels decreased between 11 am and 3 pm, whereas on work days, caregivers’ cortisol levels remained at the same level during this period. Caregivers’ cortisol levels and perceived stress did not differ across the two types of settings. In home-based childcare, caregivers offered higher-quality caregiving, compared to caregivers in center-based childcare. In home-based childcare - but not in center care - caregivers’ negative appraisal was associated with less positive caregiver behavior. These findings suggest that work at childcare influences cortisol secretion in professional caregivers, and that perceived stress but not cortisol is associated with quality of care.     

For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers

The effects of an antibullying program, KiVa, on Grade 1–3 teachers' perceptions of bullying were investigated. Data were gathered from 128 teachers in 33 intervention schools and 110 teachers in 29 control schools. Two-level regression models showed that, at the end of the intervention year, self-evaluated competence to tackle bullying was at a higher level in the intervention schools than in the control schools. In addition, in the intervention schools, participation in KiVa activities was associated with teacher perceptions of bullying. The need to take teacher and organization perspectives into consideration in future whole-school intervention studies is discussed.     

大学生网络暴力游戏与攻击行为的关系:暴力态度的中介作用

采用网络暴力游戏接触问卷、暴力态度问卷和攻击行为问卷调查了308名大学生暴力态度的基本特点及其在网络暴力游戏与攻击行为之间的作用。结果发现:(1)大学生的暴力态度总体水平不高,并在年级上存在着显著差异,二年级、三年级和四年级的暴力态度水平显著高于一年级;(2)网络暴力游戏对大学生的攻击行为产生显著的正向影响,并且暴力态度在网络暴力游戏与攻击行为之间起着完全中介作用。     

试论课堂教学中心理契约的建设

心理契约是维系与管理雇佣关系中组织与员工间协调合作的有效工具。将心理契约引入课堂教学便产生了课堂心理契约,它是教师与学生对于相互之间责任与义务的相互期望和主观理解。良好课堂心理契约的构建,为课堂教学质量的提升提供了保障,有利于教学管理的有序开展。本文阐释了课堂教学中心理契约的内涵与特点、必要性与功用,并结合课堂教学过程中问题行为的出现,对课堂教学中心理契约的建设做了初步的探讨。     

初中数学教学“学思结合 知行统一”调研结果及其简要分析

对天津市6个区县94所学校415名数学教师,天津市4个区县11所学校440名学生的调研,发现:(1)学生方面,对"学思结合,知行统一"的自我认知随年级的增长呈下降趋势,同时,在学习主动性与思维能力表现上存在不足;(2)教师方面,在自我反思、引发学生独立思维与变式教学上存在问题;(3)相关性方面,第一,班级规模与"学思结合,知行统一"的效果息息相关;第二,补课次数越多,学生越倾向于过多记忆数学,教师对学生"学思结合,知行统一"方面的指导就越弱;第三,教师越不重视每节课的"学思结合,知行统一"的教学活动,学生自我感知学习的压力越大,也就越不喜欢该教师;第四,教师布置课下作业越多,课上越不重视一题多变、一题多问,也就越不重视引发独立思考与实际应用等"学思结合,知行统一"的教学活动;第五,课上,教师越不重视让学生上讲台向全班同学阐述各自的观点或解题方法,越不重视数学实践活动,布置给学生的课下作业就越多,学生也就越不喜欢数学学科.     

Cooperative Learning: Listening to How Children Work at School

Abstract

Cooperative and collaborative learning are recognized as valuable components of classroom learning. However, many questions remain regarding how teachers might structure and guide children's group-learning experiences. An ethnographic case study of 29 Grade 6 and Grade 7 students who worked in groups over 5 weeks was examined to determine what was learned. Data included audiotape recordings of 6 groups of children working together across 11 work sessions, student interviews, children's self-evaluations and drawings, and research reports. Findings revealed that when working in groups, children require periods of unstructured time to organize themselves and to learn how to work together toward a mutual goal.